American Society Of Addiction Medicine - 1901 Words

Introduction Some people crave crack cocaine or black tar heroin, they find it hard to put down the needle or pipe, society calls them addicts. What about the people who find themselves craving food, or needing to continually eat past the brink of the stomach’s capacity? Society calls them fat, lazy, gluttonous. People often times don’t think to consider food as an addictive substance, but is it? â€Å"Addiction is characterized by inability to consistently abstain, impairment in behavioral control, and craving, diminished recognition of significant problems with one’s behaviors and interpersonal relationships, and a dysfunctional emotional response† (American Society of Addiction Medicine). Food addiction is characterized by an insuppressible†¦show more content†¦Now, in 2015, the number of searches and available information increased from ~334,000 hits to ~32, 200, 00 hits. The idea that food has similar addictive characteristics as drugs that affect the bra in is quite controversial. People tend to eat when they are depressed, happy, emotional, celebrating and many other situations because food is easily accessed and not illegal. Research regarding sugar having addictive qualities was conducted in 2010 by the University of Texas and the Oregon Research Institute. Equipped with Haagen-Dazs ice cream and a group of overweight women, the researchers measured the brains reward center activity when shown images of ice cream and when tasting an ice cream milk shake; six months down the road, the group reconvened and the women once again tasted the ice cream. The results were that the woman who had gained weight over the time gap had decreased activity in the striatum, an area of the brain that registers reward, thus needing more to reach a feel good level of satisfaction (Langreth Stanford, 2011). The significance of this finding is that these are the same regions of the brain that light up in drug addicts who are show images of drug paraph ernalia or drugs (Wormer Davis, 2013). Also in 2010, another study examined rats on whether or not rats showed addictive behavioral and brain function characteristics when given sugar compared to those of an addictive substance such as cocaine. It was documented that not

Racism Is A Major Issue That Has Affected The World Since

Racism is a major issue that has affected the world since the beginning of time. Racism is hatred by a person or group of one race towards a person of another race. The United States has grown on the idea that races should be together but this process is far from being over. There are people in society who think that their race is better than all and some who just believe that certain races can fit together and others do not belong with them. One of the main race problems that people see is between Caucasians and African Americans. This started back in the 1900’s when African Americans where slaves and were segregated from Caucasians. As time went on Cauca-sians were forced to deal with African Americans when the segregated schools act†¦show more content†¦Throughout the play she has two boyfriends George and Joseph. The first thing that attracts Beanie to him is the way he looks and his money. George strides himself on fitting in with the white community and not jus t living as the average black person. He causes tension be-cause he starts to act as if he isn’t black which cause him and Beanie to bump heads. George fo-cus is getting a good job for the money so he can blend in with the white people which is one of the reasons why Beanie starts to connect more with Joseph more. The difference between Joseph and George is that he wants to give back to the black community by moving to Africa. Since she has started talking to Joseph her perspective on her African heritage has changed. When they first meet, she said to him â€Å"†¦You came up to me and you said†¦ Mr. Asagai – I want very much to talk with you. About Africa. You see, Mr. Asagai, I am looking for my identity!†Ã¢â‚¬  (Hansberry 64). She knew when she first started talking to him that she wanted to become closers to her true heritage. Since then he has helped her see thing in a new way she refuses to be your average Af-rican American women. Most African A merican women just settle as house workers to cook and clean. Since she has an education she wants to be more than that and not fit the average society rules that they have laid out for African American women. Joseph comes along and shows Bean-ie that it’s good to be black and educated and that she doesn’t have toShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Movement Of America Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesTake a look around you. Imagine the world now, then again from fifty to a hundred and fifty years ago. Much has changed and much has stayed the same. Plenty of issues that were prevalent so long ago are still lingering around today such as racism, discrimination, white supremacy. We fight constant battles fighting these issues whether its educating others or defending ourselves from it. It was only one hundred and one years ago that we saw D.W. 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World War II Through the 1970’s Free Essays

string(100) " of the Red Cross lending hand to wounded soldiers to help heal and get them back to combat status\." In this paper I will go into details explains two major historical turning points that occurred during the period of World War II through the 1970’s, and the effect it had on today’s society, economy, politics and culture. In this paper I will also give two reasons why in the late 30’s Americans wanted to remain out of the European conflict. In this paper I will talk about the role women played to helped win World War II, will describes two civil rights breakthroughs, explain two ways the Vietnam War brought political awareness to a new generation of young Americans and I will talk about two programs that president Lyndon Johnson Great Society Agenda had put into effect and that are still into effect today. We will write a custom essay sample on World War II Through the 1970’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now A turning point was in 1962, the world experienced a threat so real, so dangerous, and so deadly; that any believed Armageddon was approaching. The Cuban Missile Crisis was undoubtedly the closest the world has come to nuclear war in its entire existence. The presence of Soviet nuclear warheads on Cuban soil, less than 100 miles from the coast of Florida shocked the world. The discovery of the missiles was completely unexpected; the public’s reaction was not. Thousands of people stockpiled food, students were trained to survive nuclear holocaust and civilians built bomb shelters in their back yards. It was the most shocking event of the 20th Century. The second turning point was the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 27, 1963 where Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King delivered his I Have A dream speech on the steps on the Lincoln Memorial. Two Historical Points There are many major historical points during this period of time such as Pearl Harbor, Integrating in Baseball, the murder of Emmett Till, Brown v. Board of Education, Civil Rights Movement, Black Power Movement, Chicano Movement, the assassination of President Kennedy, Malcolm X, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, and Robert Kennedy, Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal. In my opinion all of these events had effect on today’s society. One of the historical points is bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 4, 1941. A Japanese bomber attacked the United States pacific fleet. This attacked killed 2,403 Americans at the same time Japan also attacked American positions in the Philippines, Guam, and Midway Islands as well as Hong Kong and Malaysia. President Roosevelt declared that December 7th would become a date which will live in infamy. On December 8, 1941 declared war and on December 11th Adolf Hitler declared war on United States making it a world war. ( Schultz, 2012 p,413) The Watergate Scandal is known for its complex web of serious political scandals that occurred during 1972 and 1974. At the time the president was Richard M. Nixon, this scandal would change his Life and his legacy and the lives of many people involved as well as the Americans view of political leaders. During Nixon successful reelection bid in 1972, five men were arrested breaking into the Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate Hotel in Washington D. C. One of the men worked directly for Nixon’s Committee (CREEP). (Shultz,2012 p. 474) Many things were found out during the long investigation including the unveiling that President Nixon was taping all the conversations in the White House. Also Nixon’s vice president Agnew was also admitted to tax evasion. There was also many other things that came to light during the Watergate Scandal leading Americans to have major distrust within the entire leaders of our country. Today political leaders and everyone for that matter grasp the idea that no one is above the law. I believe the biggest outcome of the Watergate Scandal would be the realization that the â€Å"freedom of press† defined in the First Amendment can be held up and used to print and report on if the information is true. Stay out of European Affairs The disinclination of Americans to become too closely involved with European affairs was also reflected in the Administration’s refuge policies. As the Nazis steeped up their persecution of Jews and other minorities, a steady trickle of German Jews sought refuge in countries around the world. ( America’s Decades 1930’s p. 343) The people of the United States had many reason as to why the wished to stay neutral in what became World War II. First from my understanding Americans were still trying to recover from World War I and also the Great Depression. America suffered from so many devastating blows financially during the Great Depression. They felt as if we should concentrate on recovering here at home first rather than going overseas and incurring more financial problems. The second reason I think Americans wanted to remain out of the European Conflict is because of a man named Adolf Hitler. Although Adolf Hitler did many horrible unforgiving things during his time Americans took a liking to him at first. This was simply because Hitler pulled Germany out a horrible economic depression in record breaking time. Americans thought that if Hitler had enough power and wisdom to help Germany so swiftly then why should be fight such a strong and very smart power. Women Role in WWII Women played a very significant role during the World War II to help the United States achieve a win. During the World War II many women found themselves left at home trying to do whatever they could to make ends meet. Hundreds of thousands of women went to work in factories taking the place of many male jobs. During the war around 350,000 women enlisted into various branches of the armed forces working mainly as nurses and secretaries. A great achievement women made during the war was becoming Air Force service pilots. This gave males the opportunity to leave the service aspect of the military to join in actual combat. Women made up a major part of the Red Cross lending hand to wounded soldiers to help heal and get them back to combat status. You read "World War II Through the 1970’s" in category "Papers" Civil Rights Breakthrough Between the end of World War II and the passing of the passing of Civil Rights Act in 1964 many Africa Americans devoted their lives to fighting devoted their lives to fighting social injustices. Like much of United States society in 1940’s professional baseball was segregation. The Major League was for white players only. When it came to African America baseball player they were restricted to the Negro League with received little press. Jackie Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him on April 15, 1947. As the first African American to Major League Baseball Robinson had to endure racial taunts, threat, and death letter by fans of the game. He also had to death with it from other players and his teammates, some players shunned him or kicked him with spike shoes as he ran bases. (America’s 1940 p. 122) Robinson played at top level he batted . 97 in his rookie year, won National League Rookie of the Year and led the Dodgers to 1947 World Series. Just elven weeks after Jackie Robinson integrated baseball Larry Doby deducted with the Cleveland Indians. Robinson was the first African American inducted into Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 . In 1951 suit was filed against the Topeka Board of Education at a state level with the help of the NAACP. Unfortunately the case was lost, but got taken on by the Supreme Court. After a long battle inBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansa decided by the Supreme Court in 1954, is considered the case that began to dismantle legal segregation. It brought together five discrimination suits being filed across the country against locally segregated school system where blacks’ schools were found to be inadequate. The case argued by Charles Hamilton Houston, James Nabritt, Thurgood Marshall ( who became the first African American Supreme Court Justice) who had applied for to University of Maryland Law School and was refused because of his race. ( Legacy Treasures of Black History p. 171) The murder of Emmett Louis Till was an African American boy who was murdered in Mississippi he was only fourteen. It was reported that he was flirting with a white woman named Carolyn Bryant. Several nights later Bryant’s husband and half-brother took Till from his great uncle house and brought him to a barn where they beat him and gouged out one of his eyes then they shoted him in the head. They dispose his body in the Tallahatchie River weighting it down with a 70 pound cotton gin. Till body was found three days later he body was returned to Chicago, Illinois to his mother where she insisted on a public funeral with an open casket to show the world the brutality of the murder of her son. Ten of thousands attended the funeral or viewed his casket and images of his mutilated body was publish in Jet magazine and newspapers. Emmett Till murder is noted as a pivotal event motivating the Civil Rights moment. That December of 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama Rosa Park refused to give her seat up and was arrested that spark a boycott of the public bus system in Montgomery, Alabama that last thirteen months. Vietnam War While Vietnam started in 1955 the United States did not enter until roughly 1961. America wanted to remain out of this war but ultimately succumb to the realization that we intervene if we did not want communism to spread any farther than it already had. As of today the Vietnam War is known for its dramatic bloodshed with the losses of so many lives and also for that to date is the only war United States lost due to withdrawing from the war. Today we can see the effects of the war economically because all of the health problems we see in the veterans of the war. We help to pay for the medical bills of proud men that served our country during that time. Our veterans today still suffer greatly from port traumatic stress disorder and drug dependencies. The war was also very costly not in just that thousands of lives were lost but also financially. The Vietnam War brought political awareness to a new generation of young Americans in many ways. The war weakened public faith in government, and in the honesty of its leaders. A high degree of suspicion and distrust toward authority of all kind was felt by most Americans. Also Americans discredited the military for a long time to come. Americans would come to never have respect for or trust public institutions again like they had before the war. President Johnson’s Great Society President Lyndon Johnson did many great things for our country, including what is called his â€Å"Great Society† agenda. While the Great Society agenda had many aspects of it, I think one of the dynamics that still stands today and is very important to us is the Economic Opportunity Act (EOA) of 1964. The EOA was created to do many things but a few are commonly still heard about. For example the EOA created a program called Head Start. Head Start is provides many things including education, parent involvement, health, nutrition, and family support services to low income families. The EOA also created the Job Corps which is still in operation today. Job Corps is a free training and education program that helps low income young people aged 16 to 21 earn a high school diploma, learn a career, and find and keep a career. Another program that was created in 1965 under Johnsons Great Society was Medicare. Medicare is in full force still in today’s time. Medicare is a national insurance program, regulated by the U. S. federal government; it guarantees access to health insurance for Americans for younger people with disabilities and for those ages 65. (Shultz 2012 p. 458) How to cite World War II Through the 1970’s, Essays

The Happiness of Others Essay Example For Students

The Happiness of Others Essay Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web SitesIs there any necessary connection between our actions and the happiness of others? Disregarding for a moment the murkiness of the definitions of actions in philosophical literature two types of answers were hitherto provided. Sentient Beings (referred to, in this essay, as Humans or persons) seem either to limit each other or to enhance each others actions. Mutual limitation is, for instance, evident in game theory. It deals with decision outcomes when all the rational players are fully aware of both the outcomes of their actions and of what they prefer these outcomes to be. They are also fully informed about the other players: they know that they are rational, too, for instance. This, of course, is a very farfetched idealization. A state of unbounded information is nowhere and never to be found. Still, in most cases, the players settle down to one of the Nash equilibria solutions. Their actions are constrained by the existence of the others. The Hidden Hand of Adam Smith (which, among other things, benignly and optimally regulates the market and the price mechanisms) is also a mutually limiting model. Numerous single participants strive to maximize their (economic and financial) outcomes and end up merely optimizing them. The reason lies in the existence of others within the market. Again, they are constrained by other peoples motivations, priorities ands, above all, actions. All the consequentialist theories of ethics deal with mutual enhancement. This is especially true of the Utilitarian variety. Acts (whether judged individually or in conformity to a set of rules) are moral, if their outcome increases utility (also known as happiness or pleasure). They are morally obligatory if they maximize utility and no alternative course of action can do so. Other versions talk about an increase in utility rather than its maximization. Still, the principle is simple: for an act to be judged moral, ethical, virtuous, or good it must influence others in a way which will enhance and increase their happiness. The flaws in all the above answers are evident and have been explored at length in the literature. The assumptions are dubious (fully informed participants, rationality in decision making and in prioritizing the outcomes, etc.). All the answers are instrumental and quantitative: they strive to offer a moral measuring rod. An increase entails the measurement of two states: before and after the act. Moreover, it demands full knowledge of the world and a type of knowledge so intimate, so private that it is not even sure that the players themselves have conscious access to it. Who goes around equipped with an exhaustive list of his priorities and another list of all the possible outcomes of all the acts that he may commit?But there is another, basic flaw: these answers are descriptive, observational, phenomenological in the restrictive sense of these words. The motives, the drives, the urges, the whole psychological landscape behind the act are deemed irrelevant. The only thing relevant is the increase in utility/happiness. If the latter is achieved the former might as well not have existed. A computer, which increases happiness is morally equivalent to a person who achieves a quantitatively similar effect. Even worse: two persons acting out of different motives (one malicious and one benevolent) will be judged to be morally equivalent if their acts were to increase happiness similarly. But, in life, an increase in utility or happiness or pleasure is CONDITIONED upon, is the RESULT of the motives behind the acts that led to it. Put differently: the utility functions of two acts depend decisively on the motivation, drive, or urge behind them. The process, which leads to the act is an inseparable part of the act and of its outcomes, including the outcomes in terms of the subsequent increase in utility or happiness. We can safely distinguish the utility contaminated act from the utility pure (or ideal) act. .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3 , .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3 .postImageUrl , .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3 , .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3:hover , .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3:visited , .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3:active { border:0!important; } .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3:active , .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3 .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7c71f010adba5ffbe1de54b03ce8a9d3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Enlightenment EssayIf a person does something which is supposed to increase the overall utility but does so in order to increase his own utility more than the expected average utility increase the resulting increase will be lower. The maximum utility increase is achieved overall when the actor forgoes all increase in his personal utility. It seems that there is a constant of utility increase and a conservation law pertaining to it. So that a disproportionate increase in ones personal utility translates into a decrease in the overall average utility. It is not a zero sum game because of the infiniteness of the potential increase but the rules of distribution of the u tility added after the act, seem to dictate an averaging of the increase in order to maximize the result. The same pitfalls await these observations as did the previous ones. The players must be in the possession of full information at least regarding the motivation of the other players. Why is he doing this? and why did he do what he did? are not questions confined to the criminal courts. We all want to understand the whys of actions long before we engage in utilitarian calculations of increased utility. This also seems to be the source of many an emotional reaction concerning human actions. We are envious because we think that the utility increase was unevenly divided (when adjusted for efforts invested and for the prevailing cultural mores). We suspect outcomes that are too good to be true. Actually, this very sentence proves my point: that even if something produces an increase in overall happiness it will be considered morally dubious if the motivation behind it remains unclear or seems to be irrational or culturally deviant. Two types of information are, therefore, always needed: one (discussed above) concerns the motives of the main protagonists, the act-ors. The second type relates to the world. Full knowledge about the world is also a necessity: the causal chains (actions lead to outcomes), what increases the overall utility or happiness and for whom, etc. To assume that all the participants in an interaction possess this tremendous amount of information is an idealization (used also in modern theories of economy), should be regarded as such and not be confused with reality in which people approximate, estimate, extrapolate and evaluate based on a much more limited knowledge. Two examples come to mind:Aristotle described the Great Soul. It is a virtuous agent (actor, player) that judges himself to be possessed of a great soul (in a self-referential evaluative disposition). He has the right measure of his worth and he courts the appreciation of his peers (but not of his inferiors) which he believes that he deserves by virtue of being virtuous. He has a dignity of demeanour, which is also very self-conscious. He is, in short, magnanimous (for instance, he forgives his enemies their offences). He seems to be the classical case of a happiness-increasing agent but he is not. And the reason that he fails in qualifying as such is that his motives are suspect. Does he refrain from assaulting his enemies because of charity and generosity of spirit or because it is likely to dent his pomposity? It is sufficient that a POSSIBLE different motive exist to ruin the utilitarian outcome. Adam Smith, on the other hand, adopted the spectator theory of his teacher Francis Hutcheson. The morally good is a euphemism. It is really the name provided to the pleasure, which a spectator derives from seeing a virtue in action. Smith added that the reason for this emotion is the similarity between the virtue observed in the agent and the virtue possessed by the observer. It is of a moral nature because of the object involved: the agent tries to consciously conform to standards of behaviour which will not harm the innocent, while, simultaneously benefiting himself, his family and his friends. This, in turn, will benefit society as a whole. Such a person is likely to be grateful to his benefactors and sustain the chain of virtue by reciprocating. The chain of good will, thus, endlessly multiply. .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d , .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d .postImageUrl , .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d , .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d:hover , .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d:visited , .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d:active { border:0!important; } .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d:active , .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u90ce14505c6b6d95856d9ae455a3174d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child abuse EssayEven here, we see that the question of motive and psychology is of utmost importance. WHY is the agent doing what he is doing? Does he really conform to societys standards INTERNALLY? Is he GRATEFUL to his benefactors? Does he WISH to benefit his friends? These are all questions answerable only in the realm of the mind. Really, they are not answerable at all.