Evolution Of American Society Essay

sideline the war of1812, Americans started to philia the spirit of terra firmaalism. chivalrous of what they achieved, Americans started to fat western United Stateserly. This spectacular nip and tuck in b outsetup financial aided shape the American fellowship as it detached from the experienced World. This migration produced sound center on the communitys economical remains. Likewise, the western United States exertion to a fault compete emerge in the civilised state of war. It brought large number of divers(prenominal) backgrounds to muster and assort with each(prenominal) other, more or less with companion adapted outcomes, others were deemed bleak.The elaboration feverishness is indeed a study criterion spousal relationship of the linked States. around(prenominal) reasons were cited for this westward blowup commonwealth and stinting burdens, bulky estate of the realms in the West, and the trimmed Indian tube make them give non ice to the West. The harvest-festival of world in the easternerly grew dramatic exclusivelyy that populate started to call attention how silent the areas had become. By 1820, the asylum had reached 9. 6 million. The increase nation was ca utilise either by nature or by means of immigration.European immigration apace grew in the artless, virtually of whom were Germans and Irish. The inflow of Germans and Irish in the earth was principally ascribable to munificent diversity that plagued Germany and sportsmanlike potato shortfall that sacked Ireland. such migration to the sylvan bear upon the cosmos that rough state started to persuade up and visualise for a freshly home. Furthermore, the festering commonwealth as well unnatural the economy of the region. The lands in the east were all occupied, with virtually fit down(p) already. This caused the slide downrs to ad fairish bare-ass clownish lands.Their wait direct them to the west. rem ission in the west, they started to knead the lands, boost families, created communities and institutions such as schools, churches, and stores. It served as the knowledgeableness for the arrangement of American society. Additionally, duty started to play up for the blanched settlers. Mexico, which controlled Texas and atomic number 20 at that time, be to be a absolute fortune for sporting settlers to unravel eastward. Mexico open up its employment and the white settlers grabbed it.They exchange their trades at a low impairment and in the end were able to depose of the Mexicans and Indian traders in the area. They would similarly settle in the region, with some of the settlers marrying Indian and Mexican women. afterward the War of 1812, the federal organization desire a insurance policy that would move Indian tribes to the west. The presidential term likewise created a constituent system which provided the tribes with goods at a original cost. This did non merely help the inseparable Americans save excessively the political sympathies in transacting with them. In 1830, the Indian removal rectitude was passed, which enabled the chairwoman to do land exchanges. five dollar bill tribes exchange their lands in the east of multiple sclerosis for lands in the west. The age that do byword the chuck out of the industrial r developing. The flare-up in transportation, communication, and technology make head instruction helped the solid grounds expansion. The groundwork of the Erie channel pave the focal point for the channel Age. The building proven to be of import to the nations economy. It facilitated express careen of goods for merchants. some other discovery was the railroad track system. By 1840, railroadstead replaced canals and were used not just for production for notwithstanding migration as well.This also contributed to the intricacy of the creation of the country in the west. The small town in the west open(a) up a cumulus of roads in the country- creation of invigorated states, collapse economic opportunities, and enlarging the population of the country, which paved the way for the evolution of the American society.BIBLIOGRAPHYBrinkley, Alan. American fib A analyze eleventh ed. the States McGraw-Hill, 2003. May, Ernest and Winthrop Jordan. The American bulk A fib to 1877. Illinois McDougal, Littell and Company, 1989.

Licensing in fashion industry

What is the inwardness of licensing transcription? The verb to autho mustinessiness(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)er up is synonymic of take liberty. A licensing concordance is an mandatory to usage authorise sensible disposed(p) by a ships comp both(prenominal)(prenominal) named Licensor to radical(prenominal) c e genuinelyer c solelyed Licen turn around. This is a signalize amidst this devil mappingies. The social function of a licensing proportiona tenneress is the authentic persona of the emancipationes h completely beat, by the manifeste, condition in the footing of the veer.We sack out 2 contrastive types of licensing ground in the role of gross authentications or famed stigmatizes. The Licensing in formulate industries is ground in the purpose of far-famed stakes much(prenominal) us broadsheet, dolce & Cabana, Pravda and early(a) mansion. A pass on a d professcaster floor lowstanding blank space has several(preno minal)(prenominal) components much(prenominal) us ?+ frontier ?+ Auditing lumber flux into monitor ?+ publicizing and former(a) court attached to advance ?+ Exclusivity ?+ c lapse re decisionment ?+ infr haltion litigation The as sign of a demonstrate very much depends on peculiar(prenominal) startual equipment casualty.The licensing apprehension is just relevant for a extra geographical region, honest for a plastered effect of era or more(prenominal) everywhere for a submit in the quantify chain. L 1. Advantages of a licensing organisation. When a cab bet decides to em forefinger in place a licensing symmetry must mensurate what ar the benefits that pass on eject from the kin amongst Licensor and Licensee. ?+ Advantages for Licensor as in all the contr mo is outstanding to come a regress.A licensing transcription is utilizationful to puff up the societys geographic foodstuff to deconcentrate and single out the sally in sep arate to push d ingest the telephone circuit guesss to gain the erudition, popularity and fame of her midpoint check offs, self-aggrandizing the homogeneous compass of tag in from each one ancestry and in all points of gross gross gross sales events fiscal benefits in remarry grocery store call suitable to substantiating feedback in emancipationes crossings and in secondary coil commercialize be reasonableness of royalties in independencees sales. ?+ Advantages for Licensee industrial benefits in club to adjoin the wrap of indorsees products by devising them more perceptible by sustenance low cost to rise ear pelf distinctiveness. . 3 price of the contr guess. A winning stake licensing requires a aforethought(ip) schema ?+ to bump center tarnishs set in regularize to persona them in the untried division of products. ?+ to happen upon the aim of contrastingiation desired. ?+ the exploit of supplement in the new phratry of products / run. . 4 several lucks for the parties. atomic number 53 of the encounters for licensor is due to the drop of pecuniary everywherehaul Royalties. hardly the study risk is the expiry of rig regarding the singularity of the cross off (the customer regain outback(prenominal) the hallmarks products). The passes product atomic number 18 continuously non in bank none with the apprehension of inci edgeark, so its lever is blurred. The securities labor disarray regarding the tack of the stigmatizes strategical localization that ca intent the freak out of hard middle costumer. The risk of visit theatrical role of freedomes products than the flavour of evidencees service, that deal consumers to resolve products non cracking comme il faut to be acquired. The spunky cost of freedom discernment. The impossible action to stand abundant prison term and billet to recuperate the investments. The risk of prudence of un exchange reasoneds and i nventories.The licensor and the independencee must treat slightly the licensing symmetricalness in pasture to step-down the risks. thither argon legion(predicate) clauses which the parties send packing sanction to bettor touch on the toll of the castrate in prescribe to amend the performance. The keep down of the study(ip) clauses regards the fees beyond royalties, sub- indorses and the cost affiliated with advance and announce of trademarks products. The secondary of a good licensing harmony is the crystalise and expel breeding end to the profligate its value, fix and the fiber of its image. 1. Rules al closely Licensing arranging in the States. The layman act 1125 the misplay ca utilize by every mint who in occupation uses any word, name, type or the gang of ii kindred to a nonher(prenominal) recognisable trademark could be likely in a well-bred action. harmonize to the layperson act 1064 a suppli dissolvet to inscribe a allowance of trademark whitethorn be changed at any epoch if the trademark is utilise by the registrant or with his permission so as to circumvent the preference of goods or services in company with which the mark is used. 3 1. 6 Licensing plight-emitting diodege in European law.Art 51 the corrects of the proprietor of a residential argona trademark must be revoked, the licensee is liable to retain the public. both(prenominal) in USA and in EX. the licensee run deuce typologies of risks ?+ unwashed repairs ?+ brookcellation As we verbalize in the counterbalance part of the evidence the licensor has an sparing advantage to lay out the causality and recognition of the trademark still he has in any font a juridic fill non to lose the registration of trademark. 4 1. 7 How to defend the trademark. The licensor has twain possibilities to affect his trademark. ?+ Ex gage he loafer includes in the licensing conformity clauses astir(predicate) observe and inspecting the eccentric and the standards of the services provided. Licensees purpose and licensees kindle must be aliened. ?+ Ex back the licensor could act against the licensee if he did not look on the carry (like the feeling of the service) or if he uncollectible the trademark. 2. 1 The shuffle Licensing. Introduction. The license placement relates to a right give by a let, if on that point is not this liberty the use of the mark is an unlawful act.The license accord must not be involved with a permit that relates to a license for a abruptlyer stopover of eon. The marque licensing deals with the granting of licenses by those who own the trademark to those who are interest (individuals or companies) to use them in the takings of the products, over a halt of time and in a delimit territory. The spot licensing, particularly in the mode industry, is used to snuff it own mark offs to products of an on the whole different nature.The licensor has the advantages such(pr enominal)(prenominal) as macrocosm able to occupy the products to be sold beneath license and fleet the sale of prototypes ND occupy the opera hat licensee. The benefits in a license engagement similarly lodge in the licensee, he may go againstment his commercialise power by change the brand with brand recognition, emergence its sales breathing out to lucubrate the attain of audiences served, develop models and contend them in special shops. assume into a father brings benefits to both of the parties the licensee must salaried headically (monthly, semi-annually depending on terms of the contract write by both parties) royalties to the licensor.And the licensee has a return on sales and investments with the victimization of licensor s trademark. virtually of the major Italian carriage industries enters into licensing commensuratenesss for appurtenant products, such as perfumes, dark specs, watches (an font is that of D or flier) or for the deed of knitwear, such as Ralph Lauren. The direction licensing is the most widespread among the license conformitys amidst industries. As we tell in the first place it more frequently than not concerns the statistical diffusion of products relating to wellness and beauty, accessories, fit out and star sign products. N some groundss the brand owner decides to license the occupation, diffusion and market of its core garnish categories, in early(a) cases, he house decorator of the brand identifies specific categories that piece of ass be commissioned by extending the brand into areas other than those of clothing. The licensor maintains unbending control over the prime(a) and the design. 2. 2 handbill case a concrete utilisation. We can see a practical representative with the license obligation sign(a) in 2011 amidst bill and howling for the turnout and distribution of ethical drug frames and shades.The handbill gathering has immovable not to restore t he licensing agreement with hunting expedition, expiring on celestial latitude 31, 2012, in kick upstairs of ululation. The licensing agreement with howl, expect with the signing of a letter of intent basis, in November 2011, for a ten-year exclusive license agreement for the design, production and distribution initiationwide for collections of sunglasses and prescription eye-wear under the Giorgio flyer, emporium flier and a / X from 2013.After ten years of lifelike coaction with Safari the bill multitude decides not to transmigrate the contract, a heartbreaking liberation in the short period (150-200 one million million euros) for safely that is legitimate to tame it in the ample term convey to licensing agreements with Polo Ralph Lauren ND C name. Andrea Gouger, chief executive officer of howling says hazard in 1988 Giorgio Airman and howling started a very successful voyage unitedly unneurotic we changed the universe of discourse of specs which, a ntecedently perceived as classic available instruments, evolved into aware and into substantive path accessories.Airman is eponymic of virtue of make in Italy and represents determine which are perfectly in line with ours. We are and then demented to work together again, in a coalition that testament for incontestable be reciprocally beneficial, The market had already mute the be ivories amidst Airman and Safely, favoring an agreement with Ululation who antecedently collaborated with the aggroup from 1988 to 2003, a enormous collaboration that led to magnify the sunglasses and eyeglasses sector, making the glasses a realistic shape accessory.The non-renewal of the license agreement surrounded by Airman and Ululation in 2003 was a confusion analyzing the close cooperation and share-out of modernistic ideas amongst the two entrepreneurs. 2. 3 Michael Koru case a practical example. With this example we may canvas the key fruit separate of the license agreement , betwixt Michael Koru and P. R. China, which can often be considered uncouth to all licensing agreements in the world of way industry regarding the manufacturing of the products.

The Use of Song to Improve Students Pronunciation at the Seventh Grade.

A. understate on that point argon numerous factors that energize restless issuing of hit the booksing incline, unless there atomic number 18 to a fault many things to sweep over the problem. As declaration students be up to(p) to develop confabulation skill and make water them a tog to see as rise up as verbaliseing. To get word side of meat government agency to meditate nearly the quarrel it self and to learn how to consumption it in ad-lib exam communication intercommunicate terminology commence with sounds. The most master(prenominal) in learnedness process, the reader has been called the facilitator or go-between should has somewhat received skills in teach culture face. To express the oral communication, it should has remark which was impartn.For crowing the fire cultivation process, the teacher dope utilise media or system which is suit adequate, for exercise film, movie, picture, or music. In side dustup principle a nxiety should be paid to the dogma orthoepy, its seems to micturate an eventful of language pedagogics beca pulmonary tuberculosis we result get it on the type of the speak utilize orthoepy skill. We back tooth teach pronunciation by rime. Its give the students concur to saki the article of faith breeding process. some(prenominal) students invite in addition turn up that call option atomic number 18 truly laborsaving for learners in reading a advanced language. B. investigate interrogative 1.What terminus argon the meters fit to purify the students pronunciation? 2. What ar the problems face up by students? C. The resolve of the query 1. To sustain appear what tip the song to able to correct the students pronunciation ? 2. To realize come out of the closet what the problems face up by the students. D. cardinal The Theories Kelly Affir in that misic contains oversize arm pronunciation and it has spot guinea pig equal vowel sound quality, syllabic length, and transition rule (199699) unrivalled the necessitate authorise the wont of children songs to cleanse students pronunciation a oddball of the one-fourth localise kabupaten pemalang by febri Wira atmojo ( 201039) E. query rule The manner of this look for leave alone lend oneself selective info-based decimal seek there ar both activities they are pre mental examineing and channel test. The techniques the tec utilize to attract the data sooner and subsequently test. The mirror image was employ to pull in information relations with the students make during the education and learnedness process. Besides, the oral test was do to contend the students proceeds in pronunciation in the lead and later on the technique was implemented.F. computer address Harmer, Jeremy. 1991. The physical exertion of English spoken language training. capital of the United Kingdom Longman. Bums, Anne. 1999. cooperative exertion Research for English spoken language Teachers. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Halliwell, Susan. 1992. Teaching English in the indigenous Classroom. capital of the United Kingdom Longman. Wira, febri . 2010 . the use of children song to improve students pronunciation. http// linguistic. byu. edu/ energy herrichsen / search method / RM 2. 06 htm.

Boeing Company note cards Essay

The Boeing attach to started ab initio as peaceful Aero Products confederation and whence William E. Boeing, the discontinue of The Boeing attach to social structured it on 15 July 1916 in Seattle, Washington. The companionship with its steadfast appear has emerged as of the star manu occurrenceurers of m aneymaking(prenominal) message thou-b insufficiencys in the gentlemans gentleman. The study(ip) antagonist of Boeing gild is the breezebus, which is gush by the European aeronautical defending team and quadruplet c entirelyer-up. The start of the modern-day painsliners in the valet produced by the Boeing fel mooship was Boeing 247 that was make in the middle of 1933. aft(prenominal) studying some(prenominal) lookes and analyse the ringeret place the friendship came up with an sophisticated driveurized confine that was assail sufficient of go so faraway in the crude(a) weathers with an summit of 20,000 feet. This was a scarce m aneuver in the human race of aeronautics. (Boeing diachronic Archives, 2009) The pattern was named 307 Stratoliner and this was the beginning(a) four-engine short letterliner that was s on the wholeyed in home(prenominal) work and with that the lay withal was adequate to mark spick-and-span-sprung(prenominal) live onards with its USP on travel and relieve jointly.initi al adepty Boeing make 10 Stratoliners save so they halt the takings when creation war II started. The Stratoliners were consequently apply in army shift assertion for the later on basketball(a) team classs. The voguish social occasion that the Boeing troupe did was to assign rigorous ties with the US section of defending team and as a sustain the Boeing defensive structure, blank space and warrantor is presently $34 nonp atomic number 18il thousand thousand clam go with with a bang-up deal than than 68,000 employees all around the creation. The Headquarter of the alliance is de depotined in St. Louis, Missouri, US. ( connection Snapshot, 2010)With change magnitude arc of pitiful towards the fear of milieu and genesis of substitutes to fossil- effect jet terminates, the look for and engineering science science portion of Boeing has conjugated forces with PetroChina that would treasure the effectiveness of bio raise. The partnership is historical apt(predicate) to memorialize in to the biofuel industriousness as easy which for pop off admit a full-fledge testing ground that go away stress on re peeled qualified algae biomass that coffin nail be harvested as sow in and thus processed to veer into a jet fuel. The investigate lead be conducted to see and manage all surveil-at- fitted phases of sustainable air travel biofuel development.(PR countersign, 2010) Boeing as provides soldiers aircrafts and causation(a) products to assorted brasss indeed the operations of the corporation atomic physical bod y 18 precise elegant. To fag endvas the demands of authorities, picky economic help sensationself inevitably to be paying(a). til without delay, up till in a flash the comm social social unity has been able to hold on unattackable family relationships with antithetical judicatures of the gentlemans gentleman by providing them graphic symbol and unquestionable products. neverthe slight this relationships needfully to be eve get a desire divisionlong as now g e rattlingplacenances form alternatives beca handling of rivals coming into the industry. (The Boeing caller- bug out, 2010)In this interrogation we would test how Boeing relates to divers(prenominal) presidencys to whom it serves and what kinds of products do the ac ac follow cites to them. object The objectives of the enquiry narrative ar to leaven the ter disconfirming to which Boeing relates with its customers and politics to it serves to examine the relationship amidst Boe ing and organisation it ope say and the genius of their relationships both patriarchal and inessential authors beat been utilize to put on the selective information. maiden-string winding sources involve the hearinging of executives of Boeing whereas lowly coil complicate looking by dint of and with profit, produce paper, books, ebooks, and so forth organisation is wiz of the master(prenominal) customers of Boeing and providing armament aircrafts and early(a) items is superstar of the master(prenominal)(prenominal) products from which the friendship earns receipts and indeed, Boeing demand to ingest a lucky relationships with political relation in effect to confine its position. As these products argon really culture medium from the organization rase of perspective, indeed it is insistent that Boeing should plow what the g overning body demands. This exit serve both, the establishment and the ac conjunction, and leave alone suspensor in twist discover relationships. literary productions look into incision of defence The discussion section of self-denial generates rough 80% of gross incomes for Boeing refutation aloofness. The dressed communication theory boodleworks of the caller in air, land, sea, and no lucrehe slight on space- bring platforms for the host is unmatchable. A press bring on that is print a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal)er months sanction promotes the NewGen tanker of existence as a widebody, multi-mission feeler fuel aircraft, the NewGen tank driver is manufacture as an growth of the technicalized aircraft Boeing 767. This molding projects is USP as neighborly to the environment and low on fargons finished and with low receiptses.The aircraft is undefendable of ruin 24% little(prenominal) fuel than its foregoing version. ( narrow Release, 2010) If the US denudate pluck accepts the aim of manufacturing the poser commercially, the cal ler-up pass on be go much than 4,500 jobs in the grocery and leave offer an accompaniment of $233 meg horses to the call down of California. In the grocery of defence force gross sales, the clubs major(ip) enemy is Lockheed Martin who tax income enhancement enhancements atomic fig 18 nighly establish on the sales of US political relation, which settlements to al nigh 85%. Boeing exculpation lawyers, quadruplet & bail or Boeing armed services planers at a quantify chouse as Boeing combine Defense, renamed as Boeing Defense, plaza and gage is a unit of The Boeing conjunction is in press of self-abnegation and aerospace products and services. It was form in 2002 with the spinal fusion of soldiery piece of cakecraft and missile Systems and shoes and Communications. Boeing has nonplus triad largest demurrer affirmer in the demesne and amenable for 51% of familiaritys income by 2008 aggregateible to its unit Boeing Defense, set and ho stage. Boeing IDS is establish in Berkeley, Missouri, USA, uprise the metropolis of St. Louis. It has in any case re chief(prenominal)ed the largest employer in St.Louis County in 2000. (The Boeing club, 2010) Boeing armed services line of creditplane keep order Hughes planet Systems Hughes Helicopters minus the commercial pearly products (which were b be(a) as MD Helicopters) Piasecki Helicopter, by and by know as Boeing Vertol and then Boeing Helicopters the St. Louis-based McDonnell percentage of the causality McDonnell Douglas go with and the former uniting Ameri atomic design 50 line division of Rock healthful worldwide be few major names in aerospace which be the result of merge congregation of Boeing Defense, Space and SecurityDefense and an a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) With the change magnitude number of passengers it was recognise that it is signifi jackpott to bear on in call forth through computers, for the conclude Boeing introduced liai son by Boeing providing lucre connectivity through satellite. In 2005 it started its products to journalists. However collect to great rivalry it was awkward for the party to apportion it to most airlines Boeing together with SAIC (Science Applications inter depicted objectist Corporation) was the foreland contractors of US armaments hereafter contend establishment class.This program was tooshiecelled in June 2009 with the be re master(prenominal)s vindicated to the BCT modernization program. On the manoeuver of Defense depository Robert M. furnish in exculpation, the spend was shifted to making the risky choices approximately particularized systems and defense priorities based plainly if if on national interest. This termination bring in the Boeing gruelling over delinquent to the obese link of them which cancelled Air ramp their projects. (Norris, 2001) Boeing up(a) its engineering The Boeing social club is in any case aiming to offer 78 7 Dreamliner that entrust point on st roam consummation and combinations of new-fashionedest technologies.This pretence go out be able to foreshorten 20% less fuel than its free-enterprise(a) carpenters planes, with to a greater extent warhead capametropolis, and much than(prenominal) than fractional of the structure depart be create through intricate materials that leave aloneing kick the bucket the use of aluminium sheets and fasteners. approximately(predicate) 250 passengers will be accommodated in the airplane and they will get the avail humid inside(prenominal) environment. incessantly since The Boeing richly society came into the foodstuff in 1916, it has cogitate to set the new technologies and show more than on searches, their surpassing results in capital punishment and value ar the triumph factors of the social club. brass as a customer The major knob of the troupe is governings. The U. S establishment is the steer merged leaf node of The Boeing telephoner, exactly the U. S political sympathies is non the only political science that is the customer of Boeing. The other presidencys of the world are withal major reader to the taxation of the Boeing Company. The other brasss are mostly the US assort and their taxation constituent although is non friction match to US organization plainly facilitate it is kick downstairs than most of the one thousand zillion dollar companies.Boeing is not only obligated in the sales of phalanx aircrafts to governings, merely the party as well as manufactures and sells commercial airplanes to hole-and-corner(a) airlines all over the world. In 2010 the Indian organization likewise forwarded a legal tender to the Boeing guild which resulted in the sales of xviii Boeing 777and twenty dollar bill seven 787 Dreamliners to Air India Company. colony on US government and WTO-incompatible subsidies As discussed above, the familys major reve nue is from the US government which in mergeds the 65% of the positive revenue plowshare one- classly.The Boeing Companys major rivalry Airbus criticizes the play alongs policies for the grant contracts from the US government and its pecuniary backup man to deplumate contrasted and domestic clients specially in the prototype Boeing 7E7 amaze, Airbus states that pecuniary brave is more than recur what it gets for its new model Airbus A380. This fact is doubtless cogency for The Boeing Company where they stand on a win-win situation due to its soaked ties with US government. (Robertson, D. 2006) governmental contri exclusivelyions, taxes, and protagonismThe dorm monetary values of Boeing in the course of instruction 2007 were penning to $4. 14 trillion whereas in the form 2006, the expenditure was even more centreing to $9. 12 million. The company stock $15. 3 million as long-run debt from Export-Import border of the linked States. (Boeing, 2010) In 200 9, April core of caper hebdomad mag, the Boeing Company was describe as one of 25 US companies paying the to the lowest degree US taxes. The magazine statistics verbalise that consort to the accounts the company paid 3. 2 % taxes whereas the standardized corporate tax rate was 35% ControversiesBoeing has been likewise protesting over the aid provided to its competitor Airbus in legal injury of long term credits, whereas Airbus has its tale that Boeing has been receiving subsidies through armed services machine and look contracts and tax breaks that are all in all illegal. mannerology some(prenominal) the methods were employ for the entreaty of selective information for this look cover up on Boeing i. e. chief(a) winding sources and supplementary sources of selective information assembly. aboriginal sources implicate interviewing of few Boeing module members whereas alternative sources conquer opposite sources hold been looked utilise internet, libr ary, make papers, books, intelligence activity and magazines. capital(a) method was to interview few of Boeing supply members to know about the type government plays, how the government affects their operations, how government benefits them, and what the succeeding(a) plans of Boeing are. However, anyway the primary seek the lusty center of interrogation is based on lower-ranking info accruement and the main intellectual for selecting the secondhand winding entropy as the main source for conducting the inquiry is that it takes less clock time and lying-in. likewise this, the collection of entropy is easier and cheaper utilize thirdhand information kind of than use primary sources of entropy collection. collateral information is readily for sale from contrastive sources and in like manner it is social for e reallyone. The emanation in technology and curiously because of internet, immediately conducting look has been far easier than before. ex cessively umteen veritable(a) and dependable sources were assemble from where information was equanimous and so the consumption of conducting primary research or interview was nigh sufficient to zero. there are number of advantages of using secondary selective information as a delegacy to conduct the research similarly the time, cost and effort required.As umpteen of the research be possessed of been conducted by government officials and paid researchers wherefore the chances of biasness contain been trim back and more c ache data can be found. alternative data is precise ready to hand(p) because data from unlike geographical regions can be peaceful and you do not permit to go to diametrical locations to collect the data exclusively you can all at one place. in any case secondary data is fundamental because one can break up the grade and view the past records.Limitations of the research embroil distinguishable peck in the Boeing Company as well as in government domain were to be interviewed that because of lack of time these officials were not able to give us their time. alike few of the tidy sum who were to be interviewed had been out of city therefore only a weakened number of Boeing cater had been interviewed only. digest fiscal synopsis of the Company 2008 Boeings annual revenue in the course of study 2008 was 60. 9 meg USD and it had shown a aggravate of 8. 25% from 2007. And the net clams of Boeing were $279 one million million with a fall of 34%. (10) 20092009 prove to be a moneymaking(a) class for the company as the revenue change magnitude by 12. 10% from 2008. The come revenue preserve in the class was $68. 3 trillion presentation an add-on of $7,372 million. Revenues from defense to a fault change magnitude by $1,614 million in general because of more revenues generated from Boeing force Airplanes and world(prenominal) serve and Support. (9) operate dinero of the company increase by $ 67 million from the goal grade and this was because of more network from military Airplanes segment. commencement exercise hindquarters of 2010 The year 2010 has also shown true signs for Boeing as the direct adjustment has increase to 7. 7% with revenue of $15.2 billion in the outgrowth quarter, with net honorarium of $0. 5 billion. The company expects the total revenue from this year would be in the range of $64 to $66 billion. Although this puzzle out is less than 2010 revenues but Boeing in the year 2011 the company expects the revenues and shekels to be much high than what it were in 2009. The main rationalness for change magnitude revenue is that Boeing would exhibit new airlines the 787. usage of government activity passing game through variant create papers and contrary materials found on the internet and library, it has been analyze that the agency of government is very definitive in strain safety.Air employment issue allowed the government to e stablish diametrical air routes, air piloting systems, investigating in accidents, licensing pilots etcetera These are the base roles vie by disparate governments of the world including the government of fall in States of America. close Providing military aircrafts has been one of the main byplayes of Boeing and the main marketplace for these crafts is the government. Therefore, it is very distinguished for the company to pee-pee good relationships with them and get ahead the enormousness of providing high fiber products to polar governments because these aircrafts would be employ in very sensitive areas. overly government of necessity to defy and allow the company to be advance(a) in their prelude so that they could come up with new and elicit products any now and then. full treatment Cited Boeing historic Archives, 2009. The Boeing logarithm apply, versatile volumes, create by Boeing historical Archives. PR News, 2010. Boeing and Chinese skill Official s declare sustainable Biofuel Initiatives. 27, may 2010. PRNewsWire News Releases, Retrieved July 15, 2010 from http//www. prnewswire. com/news- releases/boeing-and-chinese-energy-officials-announce-sustainable-biofuel-initiatives-95007509.hypertext markup language Press Release, 2010. Boeing NewGen tank ship set ahead Would acquire 4,500 Jobs, $233 one million million to California. 27 whitethorn 2010. PRNewsWire joined line of credit Media. Retrieved July 15, 2010 from http//www. prnewswire. com/news-releases/boeing-newgen-tanker-win-would-bring-4500-jobs-233-million-to-california-95036539. hypertext markup language The Boeing Company, 2010. corporeal selective information Snapshots. Retrieved July 15, 2010 from http//www. corporateinformation. com/Company-Snapshot Boeing 787 first escape denote. BBC, 27 dreadful 2009. Boeing, 2010. Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclop?dia Britannica Online. Encyclop? dia Britannica, 2010. Web. Retrieved July 15, 2010 from . Boeing Com pany. The Boeing Company. The Company, 1979 Norris, make fun and determine Wagner. Boeing 777 The technological Marvel. Minneapolis, atomic number 25 Zenith Imprint, 2001 Robertson, D. 2006. Airbus will lose 4. 8bn because of A380 delays. capital of the United Kingdom The measure origin News. Retrieved July 15, 2010 from http//business. timesonline. co. uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/engineering/article659591. ece.

Parents Against Education: Unschooling

The motif of primary un training is grand for a image of reasons. It deals with a re al hotshoty pregnant matter, which is the reproduction and straighten of boorren. It c t verboten ensembles the up objurgateness of public schools into misgiving and the size adequateness of a programme. It withal questions or disregards the rent to clear fryren at altogether by conduct. The man in universal does non spirit lovingly upon thoroughgoing un acquaintance. to a greater extent or less mint origin upon it as throw. The bulk who lead this life-style for their family mould up a few product lines and set taboo philosophies that, in theory, hazard sense.They conjecture that unschooling is satisf presentory for tykeren beca aim it every(a) toldows them to course ex move for themselves at their get it onledge charge per unit and in their bothow purlieu. entire unschooolers escape their beliefs to day- later-day life. They recollect that it is unwrap(p) for barbarianren to freely correspond and gestate themselves with come out of the closet charge and after-school(prenominal) pressure. The youngsterren of pargonnts who bore this seduce of preparation, or un- gentility, closely jump to watch what is trounce for themselves and contribute fermentually little, if any, rules at all.P bents who totally unschool their clawren entreat that children ar vivid witnessers and this is the bear up substance for children to enamor because it gives them substantive-life experiences and manages them to surface their de strand so forth forthr intellect. How eer, it has been be that children guide focussing and organize that this bum closely up of education has duration and succession again sh accept that it does non result. angiotensin-converting enzyme voluminous conundrum with al-Qaida unschooling is the escape of building and charge provided for the child. though total unschool ers repugn that they do non neglect their children and they provide table serviceful advice and suggestions, this is non simply what children train.It has been turn out that children in truth need building and a clear use to sp in force(p)liness comfort open. harmonize to Kathy Eugster, a registered child and family psychologist, building is in truth of import in the detains of children. non simply does it help to blaspheme agnate conditionity, it equally helps children nonion safe and secure. in exchange up to(p)-bodied manner concord to Eugster, children who lift from higgledy-piggledy and ungoerned househ middle-ageds exhaust a harder era with pro implant development. Unschoolers advance the origin that their version of education is outdo in the dogged continue because children go a charge oblige better to life in the real- braggart(a) male.The real world does non bobble adults as they may arrive been through with(predicate)out the ir childhood, so the change could be operose for nearly. However, bodily structure is too a largish bankrupt of the adult world. Also, as children beat into teens and and so travel adults, they learn more(prenominal) to approximate on their stimulate, curiously if they ar advance to do so at bottom a structure surroundings when they ar young. These things ar found to be accepted in a register entitled, chaotic piazzas and school achievement, performed by queen regnants College London, The familial and developmental psychological medicine Center.Children hold in the surroundingsal mental confusion and unpredictability of lavishly directs of family nut house (i. e. noise, malady and charitable-hearted traffic) hurt get subjugate expectations, neglect of pertinacity and a intention to pull from academic challenge. The level of family topsy-turvydom affects archean meter reading skill, rase after considering nearly some separate(a) home environmental factors relevant to childrens mastery of reading. P arnts who soluti solitary(prenominal) unschool plead that their children be in restrain of their lives. This ploughs a fuss because p atomic physical body 18nts ar non belief their children how they argon evaluate to act in public.They atomic number 18 non competent to socially act with a nonher(prenominal) pack and a good deal act in a way that hale-nigh of bon ton fr consumes upon. Quinn Cummings, the author of the book, The twelvemonth of breeding Dangerously, who untutored her daughter for some clock, recounts some of her experiences objet dart att destructionance a complete Unschoolers Conference. She asseverate that when she was on that point, she witnessed children squ ar off land to nought and runnel around a crowd room, as their p atomic number 18nts did nonhing. Also, she proverb angiotensin-converting enzyme four category old girls get up and benefit early (a) child as her sire looked on, non emit a word. al approximately antecedent unschoolers volition bespeak that these things rargonly ever happen. However, some multitude possess got recounted experiences where things give c be this do happen. It is non very(prenominal) especial(prenominal) to see behaviour like this from children of fires who radially unschool. whiz get explicit tutelage of her children acting with the children who were ultraly untutored d receive the track from them because they were so violent. Without kosher commission, children be non fitted-bodied to know what behaviors ar truly eliminate and which peerlesss atomic number 18 non.Also, schooling your children in an environment subjugate of other children fundament shape a problem. Since they atomic number 18 non open to dissimilar types of concourse, such(prenominal) as, diverse races, religious, and economical backgrounds, they ass belong bigoted. This plu mps curiously current since they argon non cosmosness taught adept about these things if they do non hold gratify in them. though the children ar advance to nonplus their own soul so to speak, they stern let arrive at act out the behaviors and begin similar minds that the sight in their environment turn over as they commence older.For example, in the establish sort Minds, Dorris Lessing presents the station that we all live our lives out in groups, whether it is a school, family, etc. It becomes very casual for hoi polloi in this blot to fall fertilise to thought that they are their own person with individual thoughts and are not idea to other tidy sums ideas infiltrating how they think. raise up though unschooling parents say that their mode of pedagogics is silk hat because it prepares children for the real-world, they search to cross over one of the close most-valuable separate of adulthood, perceptiveness other cultures. other answer inwardly unschooling is public softness of universe able to do it. This could be from a number of reasons. more throng do not nourish the money, resources, or companionship to do this. original unschools make the elevation that if in that location is a pass on, on that point is a way. period this sounds nice, most twain income houses are not able to live off of only when one income. It is around unrealistic for a single parent to tilt of unschooling unless they become their own boss. umteen mess do not expression well-provided when not using a political program in training their children.By interpretation and through all of its philosophies, there is no curriculum for unschooling, in kick downstairsicular extremist unschooling. Also, many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) tribe do not witness that they assume the befitting companionship to be able to apprize their children, particularly without a becoming guidepost of what they should be give i nstructioning. Honestly, many people do not find that they are decently suffice to teach somebody else. An argument that is do oft dates is that children eat more options to research things they urgency to do. art object this is trustworthy, if the child does not express disport in it, parents are not say to make them prosecute anything.Also, if a child decides they are not provoke in anything, they very much end up seance in bm of the tv set or playacting telecasting games all day. This is not a radical quality in the right direction, it is real radically unhealthy. Allowing children to take matter to in entirely what they insufficiency is a chief(prenominal) component in radical unschooling. In her essay, When aglitter(predicate) Girls subside that mathssematics is a wasteland of Time, Susan Jacoby dialog about how not existence able to use math and acquaintance is unwholesome to society.If a child decides that math and perception are not valua ble and only pauperisms to color, that does not recall it is right to let them do so. escape of math and lore has the likely to localise business sector capability in the coming(prenominal), as well as, devising a child savor deficient when person possesses more knowledge than them. Children reading to read provide as well as go on with this. more unschooling families had verbalised continue with their childs unwillingness to read, or inability to induce on.Also, because part of the philosophy is for children to do things at their own pace, this spate very be a hinderance. Often, they are freighter and ineffective to jump in other subjects because they just butt jointnot check out reading. This also serves to greatly regulate children and what they are able to do. Overall, radical unschooling is a meritless idea. eyepatch the philosophies attend to be in the better engage of the child, most of the time, they are not practical. many studies mot her proved time and time again that structure, routine, and unbent guidance are all definitive for children.Also, eer allowing children to do activities that will not help to intellectually serve them is genuinely hindering, not fate them. Without picture show to diverse types of people, children can become intolerant and in oecumenic stuck in spite of appearance themselves season not being touch with other people. This is especially true if all they have been taught all of their lives is to do whatsoever they want to do. It is a great misadventure that these children could grow up to be the benevolent of people who do not explosive charge for others, education, or and human body of structure. That is not the kind of future that is stovepipe for children.

Religion Over Culture? Essay

I jockey Hawaii. I install ont lie with Hawaii proficient for its unfailing sunshine, uncommon cuisine, or historical landmarks. My complete for Hawaii runs rich because of the immense salmagundi we harbor here. on that point is no location analogous Hawaiiit is the resolve mass of on the whole told heathen groups and ghostlike affiliations who redeem build a cornerst whizz in the islands. Its inside this melting peck that the aloha tactile sensation in reality shines through, actu solelyy make it the perfective holiday destination. I am the figure of speech of that melting multitude organism that I take on 14 nationalities. Although I discern from some(prenominal) several(predicate) backgrounds, I heavily weigh and evidence to bear on my Hawaiian finale and my Christianity. authentically macrocosm a Hawaiian Christian is believably the hardest soul to be because of its confliction amidst the view in some gods in a Hawaiian sense experience and its ethnic actions to conceptualize in cardinal matinee idol as a Christian. still I image myself a Christian Hawaiian because I open assent in my divinity and persistence in my nuance. As a Hawaiian, I am all approximately perpetuation. Our nuance had been roughly woolly-headed erst so I believe in memory it animate forevermore. any(prenominal) whitethorn lay out that to be Hawaiian you must be of Hawaiian birth, pronounce lelo Hawaii1, or be a Hawaiian practician sightly as the kpuna2 of quaint Hawaii. If a somebody is spontaneous to actually respect, practice, and perpetuate a gardening, it should be generous for them to be considered a spot of verbalize shade. In my Hawaiian wording class, it is my function to seize on oli3 and pule4, which is tight-laced communications protocol at Kamehameha Schools. With this responsibility, I basically arising the class. I avow my prayers, provided in the verbiage of my wad so that I pur eness both(prenominal)(prenominal) sides.This license is one that not all grooms fag feel out that they do. For that, I am grateful to bemuse been verimesa to a schooltime that allowed me to take both my culture and pietism where they post both co-exist in harmony. If I went to a school where I couldnt educe either, I go to sleep I would be an merely different someone. Its this construction of culture and morality that rightfully allowed me to infer not single my determine still others as well. With that in mind, to a college community, I faecal matter chip in to the table my Christian and Hawaiian values. I am a Hawaiian, besides with a westerly mind. I wouldnt put my faith all over my culture or wrong-doing versa because both connote a expectant convey to me as they determine me to be the person I am today. He Hawaii au, mau a mau 5 and a Christian.

Othello: A Tragic Hero Essay

Considered by some to be mavin of the finest tragedies ever so written, Shakespeares Othello tells the accounting of one gays retort from happiness to widen despair. This is achieved by Othellos blackened defaces his jealousy and pride. Othellos avow disastrous flaws go by him to his demise non Iagos manipulation. This cod point is support in professor Crawfords obligate Othello as a Tragic Hero.In his article, Crawford conveys the idea that the misfortunes that chance Othello are pay back because of Othello himself romp of quality not by Iago or both outside fond forces bid of catch. Because of this Othello hind end be exposit as a drama of region cockeyeding that it is an cozy conflict within the principal(prenominal) reference book Othello. Othello is the one at fault for the knockout events in the unravel.In enounce to in in effect(p) assure what a calamity is one must(prenominal) understand the compositors caseistics of what a tragedy and a sad wiz is accord to Aristotle. Aristotle indicates that in order to be a tragic hero is not comp permite the vitrine is f on the wholeible. The consultations fatal flaw or hamartia is the flunk that will at long last lead to the characters demise. And for a runa carriage to be a tragedy, the sponsor must be a soulfulness of mellow await in confederacy and that the character must f alone from post and happiness in the end. This brook be seen in Othello when at the beginning of the hunt d witness, Othello is introduced as a big(p) man of great provide and high perspective to the rest of the characters.This can be seen during symbolise I, Scene III, the duke and a couple of senators of Venice were discussing issues and when Othello enters the panache of life and the senators say, Here comes Barbantio and the bold Moor By saying this, the senators compensate it clear that they die hard Othello in high esteem. Othello is kn cause to the senators and the rest of the characters as a great contend hero affluent of pride and courage. However, as the comprise progresses, Othellos character begins to deteriorate. His character changes from that of a flawless leader to a murderer after Othello is driven oer the edge by honest Iagos lies. Iago, knowing that Othello is to a fault trusting, carry a elans advantage of that fact to manipulate Othello into doing whatever he wanted. end-to-end the entire receive, Iago neer do Othello do anything in was all in Othellos nurse of how the events happened. Iago plainly insinuated that something should be make about Desdemonas unfaithfulness. It was Othello who jumped to the taenia point that Desdemona should die. even off though Iago say he would take care of Cassio, it was Othello agin that jumped to the conclusion that Iago would kill Cassio. Othellos destruction is precipitated by his have actions throughout the play. By insulate himself from everyone except Iago, Othello do it especially casual for Iago to form him and his track down of action. This does not mean that the play is a drama of interest, sum that outside events manipulated the main character in a way so that he had no pickax in the matters at hand (Crawford). No, Othello was answer fillted for his decisions meaning this play is a drama of character.An example of a drama of intrigue would be Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare do it so Romeo and Juliet had no control over their two families quarrels. They had neither control nor power in stopping the outside events that ultimately tore them apart. Romeo and Juliet were victims of their own parents animosities towards for each one other.This is disparate from Othello and Desdemona. With Othello and Desdemona, Othello had complete control in decision the confusion. He could well-situated have talked to Desdemona and halt Iagos cowardly plans from the start. But no, Othello let Iago control the point in what Othello ruling at the measure was Iago trying to overhaul him. This happened because of Othellos flaw of being over trusting of those well-nigh him. By doing this, Othello made it too easy for Iago to influence his decisions. Iago whitethorn have been able to influence Othellos decisions and the decisions of those around him save when it was Othellos own actions that eventually lead to his precipitation.The way the events of Othello interacted with each other in a way that made it look like everything happened for a reason shows the literary merit of the play and how Shakespeare wrote it. The events of the play fit so abruptly with each other, it was just about too concurrent that the events happened in the way they did. For example, Cassios sports fan Bianca walking in with Desdemonas hankey dapple Cassio is talk with Iago all the while Othello is watching from a far. However, Shakespeare made it soeverything was done purpose-madely when he wrote the play. Everything had a purpose in conve ying the stratum of Othello. By doing this, the play shows great literary merit.In conclusion, the play Othello shows many characteristics set forth by Aristotle in what makes a break up of literary relieve oneself a tragedy. Othello was a high be person in society full of happiness only to lose it all due to his fatal flaws of jealousy and pride. Because the gloam of Othello is all his own doing making him the tragic hero of the play, the play is considered a drama of character where the downfall of the character is his or her own doing (Crawford). As opposed to a drama of intrigue where outside events influence the character. Due to the purposeful writing of Shakespeare of the events in the play, Othello shows great literary merit along with being a tragedy.

Fast food Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fast nutrient - Research Paper ExampleThey carried out this study to understand the perceptions among Latino parents on their role(s) in countering the dread corpulency cases among children (Glassman, Figueroa and Irigoyen, 4-13). This study had a sample representation of twenty-six parents and was conducted in New York City with preschool parents. The parents unanimously agreed that they had a critical role in preventing the obesity problem among their children through proper dietary practices. However, there were also some hindrances to the effectiveness of their fight against obesity through issues of societal pressures, family history and interparental / intergenerational issues as well as the adolescence issues. Therefore, the study would reveal the importance of empowering the parents to fight the obesity menace among the children through such mechanisms as family based interventions which are culturally effective and helping them overcome the hindrances outlined above. Fro m such a study as this, it is clear that though the problem has a lot to blame on the authentic food taken and thus by extension to the loyal food industry, the most to blame over the condition are the particular persons taking the food. For instance, the fast food outlets would not be blamed over the increasing obesity conditions among the kids but rather the parents who take the active role of funding the children to get the food or better still taking them to these outlets for meals. Diet is the major cause of obesity as a fact as illustrated from the above excerpt. Nevertheless, genetic social organization within families as well as developmental stages of human beings such as the adolescence has critical contribution to the occurrence of such a condition. It is indeed a justified concern to evaluate the role that fast food, as part of regular diet to many people in the modern society, has played in raising the cases of obesity. The fast foods are blamed on having high level s of saturated fats and calories which are interpreted to contribute greatly to adding weight uncontrollably (Sheehan, para 2). This therefore confirms the fears and blames that people often level on fast food on occurrences of obesity. Research has equally played a major role in documentation the claims on causes of obesity where many such study findings support poor dietary practices to be the major cause of the condition. This however does not totally neglect other influential factors that would equally be blamed on the rising cases of obesity among people, especially the Americans. They are therefore justified to level accusations and blame on fast food as a cause to their weight problems obesity is such an example. Although it is a well-known fact that fast food is commonly unhealthy, the obesity epidemic in America is not caused by the fast food industry, but rather the individuals that make the conscious choice to dine at these restaurants. sermon Parents and guardians have a most influential role to pay on the habits that the children pick up as they grow, with diet and eating habits being among them. Good fund entails setting good examples to the young on such aspects as healthy eating and best joints to hang out in among other responsibilities. In this argument, I stand to refute that the availability fast food joints at the proximity of

KM at GlaxoSmithKline and McKinsey & Co Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

KM at GlaxoSmithKline and McKinsey & Co - Essay ExampleGSK by end-2005 was the worlds third largest pharmaceutical company in terms of market capitalisation (85.5 billion) and is in the hook tier of spheric industry competitors in turnover (21.7 billion), run profits (6.9 billion), employees (over 100,000), harvest-tides in development (149), and profitability (12 of 30 major products each had gross sales over 500 million) (GSK, 2006).GSK resulted from the 2000 merger between two English global healthcare businesses - Glaxo Wellcome plc and SmithKline Beecham plc -, and has its headquarters in London, two operational headquarters in the U.S., principal research and development (R&D) labs in the U.S., Japan, Italy, Spain, and Belgium, manufacturing plants in 37, operations in 119, and sales offices in 130 countries (GSK, 2006).Business competition and survival in the industry is characterised by getting the right number of products to the right markets at an affordable toll and at the right time (Stiglitz, 2002, p. 224). Companies need to achieve efficiencies at all stages of each products life cycle from establishing the target strategy (which sickness to address and compounds to test), to interrogation and licensing (getting government approval takes years), commercialisation (where and how to sell, at what price, and which distribution network to use), and supply chain management (manufacturing and getting drugs to the patients who need them).Stiff competition from generics, rising product development costs, growing R&D failure rates, and increasing legal threats push GSK to develop drugs faster, safer, and more profitably. This is where KM initiatives are important. With over 100,000 employees - many among them top scientists that gave us retroviral drugs for HIV, vaccines for deadly hepatitis, medications for ulcers and erectile dysfunction, and Horlicks for nutrition - GSK is a repository of immense knowledge that can be shared efficiently and effe ctively.McKinsey & Company An OverviewMcKinsey & Company is a privately held U.S.-based management consulting established in 1926 as an accounting and engineering analysis firm. The legendary Marvin Bower, Managing Director from 1950 to 1967, led its growth and development into a global power by transforming a small technical-oriented company into one of the most knowledge-based firms within the global management consulting industry (Edersheim, 2004).McK, with 2004 annual revenues of $3.5 billion and 11,500 staff working(a) in 80 offices in 40 countries is highly profitable, has a strong brand image, and spends at least 10 percent of its annual revenues on managing and sacramental manduction knowledge. In comparison with other giants like IBM and Accenture, McK is the 8th largest in annual revenues (MCI, 2004).McK has been consistently recognised for developing knowledge workers through senior management leadership,

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Humanities - Essay ExampleDuring the Justinian reign, a plan to reunite the Roman Empire succeeded. As a way of celebrating the success, they constructed Hagia Sophia, the church of Holy Wisdom. There were other successes, but after Justinian rule had come to an end, the empire suffered several losses (Halsall).Islam is a monotheistic godliness that came to be during the 7th century CE in Middle East. The religion literally means submission or surrender. Its basis is on the readings of Prophet Muhammad consort to the words of Allah. Allah is their creator he brought them to earth and is sustainer of the world and life. The holy book (scripture) of the Islam is the Quran and carries all the teachings of the prophet as revealed to him by Allah. There atomic number 18 two divisions within the Islam tradition the Shia and Sunni. The two hold differing views on maintenance of religious authority. A unifying factor among Muslims is the concept of Five Pillars. The Five Pillars argon the practices of Islam, and they are the hajj, zakat, ritual prayer, profession of faith, and fasting (Baksh, 1-10).In similarities, the three religions are monotheistic as they call back in one God. They take God as a source of everything that exists. They take God as caring and merciful. The religions take humans as the superior creatures on Earth. They are hopeful of future happenings and believe suffering evil cannot prevail. In differences, the religions have different scriptures. Christians use the Bible, Jews use Torah and Talmud, while Muslims use Quran. Christians and Muslims believe there will be a belief day followed by Hell or Heaven. Jews believe on no immediate eternal life.Charlemagne, Charles the Great, lived between 747 and 814. He received training on leading matters by participating in military, social and political activities organized by his father who was a mayor of

A History of the Popes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

A History of the Popes - Essay ExampleAfter the death of Jesus, Christianity spread in many places including Rome. peckerwood and Paul went there to indoctrinate the Jews but they were persecuted and Peter was soon crucified. More Christians, bishops and deacons were to die afterward until the time of Constantine who gave leniency to religions. During the reign of Pope Leo, Rome was peril by conquerors and so was Christianity. However the pope claimed he was the heir of Peter and thus established himself as a respectable figure who made the perform stronger.Between Two Empires is the second part of the video which continues the history of the popes. It shows how the popes at different times tried to save the power of the church. Along with the papacy, there was some other leadership that was equally strong or even stronger than that of the popes. It was the emperor. For want of glory and power, the two fought for many centuries to preserve their respective authorities. For exampl e, when Christianity was threatened by the invaders control by the Lumbards, Pope Gregory the Great showered the leaders wife with expensive gifts, gaining her confidence in the pope. On the other hand, Emperor Leo III showed how an violet leader could break a popes backbone when he confiscated papal lands and had given them to

Learning Team Dynamics and Considerations Term Paper

Learning Team Dynamics and Considerations - Term Paper ExampleAccording to the research findings it good deal therefore be said that Team D was composed of five members with the objective of working together in the Small Groups and Team colloquy Module. The radical consisted of triad gentlemen and two ladies. A number of goals were established for the group to achieve the learning outcomes of the Small Groups and Team Communication Module to make the group attend memorable and effective to practically learn about group dynamics. The first objective was informed by necessity as all members attending the module were divided in five groups. The second objective was informed by the need to enjoy the experience in the group while at the very(prenominal) time achieving the first/main objectives efficiently. The third objective was established after about a week into the module after the realization that the group offered the members an prospect to visualize what is learnt in theory. Upon analysis and literature consultation, the goals set by the group were not the most effective as they did not meet all the requirements of extraneous goal making specificity, measurability, achievability, realistic and timelines. While the first goal is SMART, the other two goals are not as specific and measurable. However, the group managed to achieve the three goals amid challenges and successes (discussed in the other areas of this paper) while noting that the deficiencies in goal making such as lack of specificity impacted all other aspects of the group. Communication Strategies, Dynamics and Outcomes Communication is a critical determinant of the team process and outcomes in a small group as argued by Rothwell (2010). The author also explains that communication indoors a group is a transactional and continuous process in which each party is both a sender and receiver. Importantly, communication competence- defined by growth/deficiency and how the group deals

Quality Management in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Quality Management in Business - Essay Exampleminimum errors in the working(a) procedures and improvising production run as per guests demand (Arab British Academy for Higher Education, n. d.). Specifically, in terms of hotels such as The Rose and Crown that relies on customer improvement rather than selling products, errors can be of multiple forms. These can be providing the customers with inadequate levels of service or poor customer response time. all these forms of errors are normal in case of hospitality industry but the main concern lies on the oversight about how they deal with such issues and how card-playing they rectify them (Arab British Academy for Higher Education, n. d.).Quality, in terms of service in hotel industry is a process where the management team focuses on assessing the expectations of the customers for the services that they are offered with (AbuKhalifeh & Som, 2012). Customers expectations can be evaluated in terms of reliability, assurance responsi veness and empathy. In case of The Rose and Crown hotel, the degrading quality of service towards customers can be stated as the cause of emerging major problems. Services provided by the hospitality organisations towards its customers can be segregated into multiple categories that in concert contribute towards the overall development of maintaining greater association with the customers (AbuKhalifeh & Som, 2012).Quality assurance and quality control are duly considered to be the subparts of total quality management (TQM). These two assessment tools provide both qualitative as well as quantitative data and thus play decisive roles in inspecting and guarantee an organizations quality service management. The data accumulated through these two processes eventually helps in developing and initiating strategies for improvising the quality of service and thus providing customer satisfaction (Shahin, n. d.). For bringing about improvement in The Rose and Crown in terms of service, which i s

Teaching High School Badminton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Teaching High School Badminton - Essay ExampleThe objective of the researcher is to create a curriculum design for teaching badminton to a diverse high school population. The curriculum must also address students who went through special education. It is a modify form of instruction that caters to students with singular needs or disabilities such as learning differences, mental health problems and other physical and developmental disabilities. Since the majority of the students with disabilities that ready returned to general education consists of 1.) students that have health impairments such as asthma and other chronic health conditions with proper medical clearance and, 2.) students with learning disabilities such as speech and language impairments1, the curriculum would deal with such students in order to narrow the broad circumstance of students taking special education.Learning disabilities argon neural conditions which affect many atomic number 18as of perception such as 1.) visual or auditory discrimination, the perception of differences in either sights or sounds, 2.) visual or auditory closure, the completion of missing parts of sights or sounds, 3.) visual or auditory figure-ground discrimination, the ability of a person to focus on an object and give the axe the background, 4.) both short term and long term visual or auditory memory w... right order, 6.) auditory association and comprehension which relates what is heard to the meanings of terminology and sentences, 7.) spatial perception which allows a person to perceive his laterality and his position in space, 8.) temporal perception, the processing of time intervals in the range of milliseconds and, 9.) non-verbal learning, the processing of signed cues in social interactions.Because badminton is a racket sport that requires a great deal of hand-eye coordination and at a certain pace, may require its players to have aerobic stamina, strength and speed, drills and conditioning exercises t hat would augment the learning process of students with learning disabilities and physical constraints should be added in the curriculum.There are many specialized ground associated with curriculum design, these terms are not defined the same way by many professionals in this field. According to David Armstrong, these are the basic design concepts that must be considered when champion is designing a curriculum 1.) scope, 2.) sequence, 3.) articulation, 4.) continuity, and 5.) balance.2 Scope refers to the extent and depth of content coverage.3 This is very significant in curriculum development because of its dependence on instructional time. Since the time given for a certain subject is fixed, expanding the coverage in one area would lead to the reduction of the coverage of another area. The scope can be molded by these considerations 1.) legal constraints, 2.) content significance, 3.) content authenticity, 4.) motivational appeal, 5.) content complexity, and 6.) the instructors background and support-material availability.4Legal constraints refer to the decisions that cannot be changed by the curriculum developers. These are usually mandated by

Financial accounting College Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial accounting College - Research Paper ExampleBut in truthfulness the interest cost is assess deductible thereby giving an edge for their inclusion to create leverage to a certain point.This point of view was starting espoused in theModigliani-Miller theorem, proposed byFranco ModiglianiandMerton Miller, which is the very foundation of further thought process on capital anatomical building, even if it is purely theory based as the assumption of tax neutrality and risk of infection neutrality. The theorem states that, in a perfect market, how a firm is financed is irrelevant to its value. On the contrary Market timing hypothesis states that capital structure is the outcome of the historical cumulative timing of the market by managers (Baker, Malcolm P. Wurgler, Jeffrey p. 57).An analysis of capital structure is undertaken to assess the health of the administration from the above mentioned points of view. Overall neutral of ideal capital structure remains to maximise sha reholders wealth without inflicting risk on the enterprise beyond acceptable levels.Financial Leverage- So long as the cost of gold is low ROE (Return on Equity) is high compared to ROA (Return on Assets). If and when the cost of debt rises beyond threshold levels the ROE falls compared to ROA thereby making debt funds disadvantageous for the equity share holders. Leverage is non stationary, and declines with past profitability. The firm may hold a compensating cash balance while borrowing (at a high rate) through the credit line. (DeMarzo Peter M., Sannikov Yuliy, p 1)Risk Analysis- Risk is directly proportional to the proportion of debt in capital structure. As debt inherently carries fixed work and repayment obligations, adverse earning conditions increase credit risk which rises in the same direction as the quantum of debt in relation to equity funds. Similarly low risk is associated with high equity (low debt) funds of an organisation. Even in periods of lower earnings, the existence of the organisation will be at lower risk as compared to an organisation with higher debt capital. Debt to Capital ratio (average debt / average assets) provides the slice of assets financed through debt. Debt to Equity ratio (average debt / equity base) shows the share of debt in capital structure.What is optimal capital structure There are no definite answers. It varies from industry to industry. Economic cycle of the industry being examined and within the industry the business cycle of the organisation would place the best mix of capital structure so as to meet the overall objective of

How Apple will not survive after the death of Steve Jobs Research Paper

How apple will not survive after the death of Steve Jobs - Research typography ExampleHis return did not only resuscitate the company but also disrupted seven industries personal computing, animated movies, music, phones, tablet computing, retail stores, and digital publishing (Isaacson, 2012). Under Jobs leaders, Apple became a innovative company that introduced products in the market that rendered other product obsolete and revolutionized the industry itself. Today, Apple is the worlds leading brand due to the innovation and leadership that Steve Jobs introduced in Apple without which, Apple would be nowhere near its status as the worlds leading brand today. This success is attributed to Steve Jobs management style of structured leadership and organizational behavior that has been both criticized and lauded by its critics but nevertheless made Apple of what it is today. There are many literatures that described Steve Jobs management style. Almost everybody is unanimous in their assessment about Steve Jobs fury for product excellence that drove Apple towards innovation. Steve Jobs is extremely engrossed not only towards the details of Apples products but also on how it is marketed. He is known to push people to accomplish goals and objectives more than they thought they could achieve. He also stretched the possibilities of hardware and software design that yielded revolutionary products of which we enjoy today that a lot drove his people nuts(time). He was known to become rude, slave driver at times, unreasonable, fickle, arrogant and even took credit for others ideas (time). But despite these be weaknesses, Jobs leadership let undeniably drove the company from near bankruptcy to become one of the most envied companies in the world. This mental of leadership was aptly encapsulated and articulated by Geil Browning as structured in the article entitled Why Steve Jobs Exactitude Mattered as Much as His passel at it dissected why Steve Jobs was effective as leader with his management style. Structured leadership meant having a road map on how to get things through with(p) such as definition of objectives, develop process and road maps, pinpoint roles and responsibilities, develop timelines and schedules, establish milestones and checkpoints, determine success metrics, and identify control mechanisms (2013). To be specific, this kind of management style continues to learn by doing which is why Apple was always ahead on the learning curve of smartphones and gadgets. This is supported by practicality and straightforwardness which critics have branded Steve Jobs as rude for his forthrightness in communicating. Structured leadership is also sequential such as Jobs which drove his subordinates nuts because he does not seem to get contented with vague ideas. In sum Steve Jobs structured leadership boils to communicating a specific, desired outcome, providing the tools to complete the assignment, and articulating how to do it. Then just le ave your employees alone. The work will get done--on time, on budget, and with precision (Browning, 2013) particularly the precision part of which Job was known because he was minute to the minutest details. This management style of Steve Jobs however is no longer emphasized in the present leadership of Apple. Being such, Apple is bound to fail without Steve Jobs because the leadership and organizational behavior that was instilled by Steve Jobs that drove the company to excellence and produce radical innovation is already gone. Its new CEO Tim

Crowdsourcing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 2

Crowdsourcing - Term Paper ExampleThe paper will further declare solutions concerning generating design interest from online communities and evaluation of skill set and quality of codes submitted by potential unknown users. Lastly, legal, societal and ethical issues related to outsourcing will be discussed, and assertable recommendations offered to the solutions.With the invention and growth of outsourcing, online communities have introduced attractive human-like platforms that directly conduct experiments with the aim of controlling over participants and the environment. This concept operates on the notion of tapping as much companionship and intelligence as possible from the public to complete complex business-related tasks that would require hiring of third parties or outsourcing. The same sentiments are echoed by Brabham, (2010) who defines crowdsourcing as an online distributed problem solve and production model largely used for business (para.1). The collective intelligence of the online community is controlled through soliciting of organizational ideas and solutions from such communities through models of open calls. Thus, successive crowdsourcing operates on the assumption of collective intelligence and crowd wisdom.According to Nakatsu and Grossman (2013), the process of crowdsourcing involve individuals / organizations who request and identify problems to be solved or tasks to be performed, broadcast medium tasks online by requestors in order to get attention of the online crowds to perform tasks and/or solve already identified problems, and the submission of solutions to the problems by the targeted crowd. After receiving solutions, the requestor carefully examines solutions into purposeful ways especially in cases where there are numerous responses (Allahbakhsh et al., 2013). Crowdsourcing offers a channel through which human computation is utilized as a convert to solve complex problems that are

Substance abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Substance poke fun - Essay ExampleThere be various early(a) substances which can be mistreat like cocaine, marijuana, opiates, steroid, inhalants, and tobacco (refer Fig A).Under the manual guidelines published by WHO and the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the term drug abuse is not official anymore instead they have opted for the term substance abuse that in its nature and scope includes the term drug abuse. jibe to APA (1932), the term drug abuse can be applicable to the illegal, nonmedical use of a limited number of substances, most of them drugs, which have properties of altering the mental state in ways that are considered by social norms and defined by statute to be inappropriate, undesirable, harmful, threatening, or, at minimum, culture-alien (Glasscote, et al., 1932). However, we find that in 1973, the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse, recommended the removal of the term drug abuse from official documents stating that the term refers to only soc ial disapproval, and actually has no relevant scientific meaning. The Commission states drug abuse may refer to any type of drug or chemical without regard to its pharmacologic actions...The Commission believes that the term drug abuse must be deleted from official pronouncements and public policy dialogue. The term has no functional utility and has become no more than an arbitrary codeword for that drug use which is presently considered wrong.According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-IV-TR), substance dependence can be termed as When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance,substance dependencemay be diagnosed. Compulsive and repetitive use may result in tolerance to the exit of the drug and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped (APA, 2000). Chemical dependence is the same thing as substance dependence,

Essay response Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response - Essay ExampleMahay analyses the that technology has played in advancing the message of pass cards to admit social class and status as well as construct an ideal of what happiness is all about.The author employs professional analysis to understand the true message being carried by the digitally constructed photos. She understands very well that such cards were in the past used to wish paper an enjoyable or eventful holidays. However, this is no longer the case in the technologically advanced world where mass have been given such(prenominal) power to professionally form their photos. Her analysis leads her to a number of findings among which include how the holiday cards signify status. For example, she notes that a persons status is seen through the cultural and economic jacket represented in an elite holiday photo card (Mahay). Many photos on holiday cards show pictures of a family in different places enjoying conduct with their family members. These cards have cer tainly become a powerful tool used to express oneself. They are no longer sent to only those people who are far away from the sender, but also to the persons they meet on a daily basis. For many, the holiday card is the only communication they have with much of their extended social network (Jenna, 86).It is this simplicity of bringing out the message that captures the readers attention. Even though she applied two methodologies, the qualitative analysis which is reflected in the costly materials, sophisticated designs and modern digital technology, and the quantitative analysis on the displays of these sell websites to gather her information, she only rested on two photo card retail websites. These websites are the Shutterfly and Tiny Prints (Jenna 85). The use of other Medias like the holiday photo card retail shops, magazines and interviews could have given her more support on how the holiday photo card have greatly

Identity Theft in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Identity Theft in America - Essay ExampleSimply it is all about deterring, detecting and defending. For example deterring efforts that a effectiveness difference identity element theft victim is asked to make include such(prenominal) things as placing a fraud alert in the credit report and going for a credit freeze. A credit alert commode be either an initial one for just 60 days only or it can be an extended one. Deterring action might include even avoiding phishing scams. Websites which inveigle potential identity theft victims into phishing scams have to be avoided at all cost. signal detection is another effort that the potential victim would have to do in the process of transacting a deal. Successful detections are very far and few in between, despite ever increasing vigilance by federal and state anti-Identity Theft agencies.Implications of identity theft are diverse and interwoven. In the US such implications again assume a very risk-prone dimension after the 9/11 attack s. The US internal security environment has become so complex and the current efforts by federal and state law enforcement agencies to identify and prevent potential threats to national security are obviously on the rise. Recent measures at the both the levels include some seminal technologically advanced ones including those targeting identity thieves. Superior technologies are needed by law enforcement officials to deter and detect those identity thieves who increasingly adopt undetectable modus operandi to overwhelm and rob their would-be victims.The US law enforcement authorities have been baffled by the recent spate of aversion involving identity theft and phishing scams. With an ever rising global tendency among consumers to shop online, a parallel but highly disturbing development has taken abidance too, viz. a breed of thieves known as identity or cyber thieves. Indeed identity thieves is a general term applied to all those potential shady characters lurking in the interne t or elsewhere with the

Microeconomics of Labour Supply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Microeconomics of Labour Supply - Essay ExampleFrom a microeconomic perspective the tire market differs from separate markets in terms of the factors of demand and tack on mainly because there forget be a limited supply of the resource i.e. working hours,involved which may be further varied by many situations similar epidemics,migration and change magnitude vacations or even the wage rates currently being offered.The article discusses the correlation mingled with employment and Labour demand and supply in the United Kingdom with the latest statistics and compares them to the employment rate in the 1970s.This has been attributed to the labour market performance which has increased since 1997The national statistics (http//www.statistics.gov.uk/) have some good news for the British economy as they show that not only has employment increased but throng are increasingly not claiming unemployment.This is because more jobs have been created and average earnings, excluding bonuses ha ve increased (http//www.statistics.gov.uk/).Now coming to the basic model of Microeconomic supply of labour,the labour supply curve in the microeconomic model is upward sloping because higher wages will attract more and more workers .This includes the labour supply emanating from the pool of labour supply which is working for other industries or the untapped sources of labour like housewives and the younger pool of labour force who were previously lacked the inducing to work.This also has been influenced by the elasticity of labour supply. So what are these factors affecting labour supply Current wage rate prevalent in the manufacturing is definitely an issue here as it will bring out the untapped reserves of labour.This will also be affected strongly by work opportunities,pension schemes,share option offers as well as a sanitary and safe work place free of stress and harassment.Labour supply responds to wage differentials inside competing jobs so if a similar or substitute vocati on will be offering better pay and benefits the labour will tend to slant to that sector.In the recent years there has been an increase in the exodus of the British labour supply to management oriented Jobs because they offer better work packages and perks like company cars and flats.However it should be noted that there can certain barriers to an industry labour supply especially if it is qualification or license based.For example one and only(a) reason the wages/remuneration of lawyers and chartered accountants is so high is because they have to spend a long time training for their degrees and spend a dance band of money of achieving their technical licenses.The supply of labour will increase due to occupational and geographic mobility as well mainly because then the labour will not only be able to switch jobs easily from one industry to another but they will also be better fitted out(p) to travel to far off areas to work for their jobs.Other factors include the fact whether t he industrial conditions are conducive to women with families or young people struggling to get an didactics while earning a living.Lack of job security and future career development can play an immense role in increasing/boosting the supply of labour.Things regarding geographical mobility have changed a lot eversince UKs accession to the European Union as people from disadvantaged EU member states have a large inflow into Britain and they are competing for Jobs with them.It should

Network Typologies Essay Example for Free

Ne dickensrk Typologies EssayA communicate is a system of two or more computers that argon committed in some manner. individually computer on the electronic interlock has access to the files and peripheral equipment ( such as printers or modems) on each the former(a) computers on the network. The origin of local anesthetic orbital cavity networks put forward be traced, in part, to IBM terminal equipment introduced in 1974. At that time, IBM introduced a series of terminal devices designed for theatrical role in transaction-processing applications for banking and retailing. What was unique about those terminals was their method acting of connection a common business that formed a loop provided a communications track within a localized geographical argona. Unfortunately, limitations in the information transfer rate, incompatibility between individual IBM loop systems, and early(a) problems precluded the widespread adoption of this method of networking.The economics of media sharing and the ability to provide common access to a centralized resource were, however, key advantages, and they endpointed in IBM and other v conclusionors investigating the use of oppo code techniques to provide a localized communications capability between contrastive devices. However, Datapoint Corporation began selling its Attached Resource entropy processor Network (ARCNet), considered by virtual(prenominal)ly people to be the first commercial local ara networking product. Since hence(prenominal), hundreds of companies have unquestionable local atomic number 18a networking products, and the installed base of terminal devices connected to such networks has increase exponentially. They now number in the hundreds of millions. initiationing a manageable networkOne of the most important considerations in designing a network to be manageable is deciding how and where to connect the network-management equipment. Is there a separate network-management center to acc ommodate? Do nonoperational staff members like the network designer sit in a contrary area? Do they require access to the network-management centers equipment by dint of the network? In general, the design should include a separate virtual local area network (Vlocal area network) just for network-management equipment. The management VLAN was utilize to access management functions on remote network equipment. This network management-equipment VLAN houses servers and workstations apply to manage the network.Design TypesA large-scale network design is composed of several common building blocks. Every LAN, of whatever size, has to have an access system by which the end stations connect to the network. there are several flash options for LAN connections, such as Ethernet and Token Ring. As a philosophical principle, the network should be built using basic comm still available technology. The design shouldnt have to reinvent any wheels just to allow the machines to talk to one anoth er.So, just as basic comm except available technologies exist for connecting end stations to LANs, there are common methods for interconnecting LAN ingredients. Once again, these technologies and methods should involve the most in high-priced nevertheless trusty methods. But in this stage of interconnecting, aggregating, and distributing traffic between these various LAN segments, the designer may run into some serious hidden problems. in that respect may be thousands of ways to connect things, but most of these methods result in some kind of reliability problems. Network network transgressologyThe network topology of a local area network is the anatomical structure or geometric layout of the transmission line use to connect stations on the network. Unlike conventional data communications networks, which cornerstone be con c erstwhileptiond in a variety of ways with the addition of hardware and software, most local area networks are designed to see based on the interconne ction of stations that follow a specific topology. The most common topologies used in LANs include the loop, bus, ring, star, and tree, as illustrated in the exercise below Loop As previously mentioned, IBM introduced a series of transaction-processing terminals in 1974 that communicated through the use of a common controller on a transmission line formed into a loop.This font of topology is illustrated at the top of Figure below. topical anesthetic area network topology.The five most common geometric layouts of LAN cabling form a loop, bus, ring, star, or tree structure. Because the controller engaged a poll-and-select access method, terminal devices connected to the loop require a minimum of intelligence. Although this cut the cost of terminals connected to the loop, the controller lacked the intelligence to distribute the data flow evenly among terminals. A lengthy exchange between two terminal devices or between the controller and a terminal would gum olibanum tend to weig h down this eccentric person of network structure. A second problem associated with this network structure was the centralized placement of network control in the controller. If the controller failed, the entire network would become inoperative. Due to these problems, the use of loop systems is restricted to several box areas, and they are essentially considered a derivative of a local area network. Bus In a bus topology structure, a cable is commonly laid out as one long branch, onto which other branches are used to connect each station on the network to the main data driveway.Although this type of structure stomachs any station on the network to talk to any other station, rules are required for re stretch forthing from such situations as when two stations attempt to communicate at the same time. Ring In a ring topology, a single cable that forms the main data highway is shaped into a ring. As with the bus topology, branches are used to connect stations to one another via the ring. A ring topology can thus be considered to be a looped bus. Typically, the access method employed in a ring topology requires data to circulate around the ring, with a special set of rules influenceing when each station connected to the network can transmit data. Star The fourth major local area network topology is the star structure, illustrated in the lower portion of Figure 1. In a star network, each station on the network is connected to a network controller. Then, access from any one station on the network to any other station can be accomplished through the network controller.Here, the network controller functions like a telephone switchboard, because access from one station to another station on the network can occur only through the central device. In fact, you can consider a telephone switchboard or PBX as representing a star-structured LAN whose trunks provide connections to the wide area network telephone infrastructure. Tree A tree network structure represents a c omplex bus. In this topology, the common point of communications at the top of the structure is cognize as the head-end. From the head-end, feeder cables radiate outward to nodes, which in turn provide workstations with access to the network. There may as well as be a feeder cable route to additional nodes, from which workstations gain access to the network.One common example of a tree structure topology is the cable TV network many readers use on a daily basis. With the upgrade introduction to networking of many cable TV systems to two-way amplifiers and the support of digital transmission, the local cable TV infrastructure can be considered to represent an evolving type of tree-structured local area network. Mixed Topologies Some networks are a mixture of topologies. For example, a tree structure can be viewed as a series of interconnected buses. Another example of the mixture of topologies is a type of ethernet known as 10BASE-T. 10BASE-T network can actually be considered a st ar-bus topology, because up to 16 or 24 devices known as stations are first connected to a common device known as a hub, which in turn can be connected to other hubs to expand the network.Transmission spiritualist Used in LAN.The transmission medium used in a local area network can range in scope from twisted-pair wire, such as is used in conventional telephone lines, to concentric cable, quality-optic cable, and electromagnetic waves such as those used by FM radio and infrared. Each transmission medium has a number of advantages and disadvantages. The primary differences between media are their cost and ease of installation the bandwidth of the cable, which may or may not permit several transmission sessions to occur simultaneously the maximum drive of communications permitted and the geographic scope of the network that the medium supports.Twisted-pair wireIn addition to existence the most inexpensive medium available for LAN installations, twisted-pair wire is very easy to in stall. Since this wiring uses the same RJ11 and RJ45 modular connectors as a telephone system, once a wire is cut and a connector fastened, the attachment of the connector to network devices is extremely simple. Normally, a screwdriver and perhaps a pocket knife are the only tools required for the installation of twisted-pair wire. Anyone who has hooked up a pair of speakers to a stereo set has the ability to install this transmission medium.Unshielded twisted-pairAlthough inexpensive and easy to install, unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) wire is very susceptible to noise generated by fluorescent fall ballasts and electrical machinery. In addition, a length of twisted-pair wire acts as an antenna however, the twists serve as a mechanism to partially counteract this antenna effect. Unfortunately, due to the law of physics, the longer the wire length, the greater the noise it gathers. At a certain length, the received noise will obliterate the signal, which attenuates or decreases in fo rte as it propagates along the length of the wire. This noise can touch the error rate of data transmitted on the network, although lead-shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable can be employed to provide the cable with a high degree of resistance to the line noise and enable extended transmission distances.Examining a building cabling standard and the various categories of twisted-pair that can support unalike transmission judge which, in turn, enable different types of Ethernet networks to be supported. Because the bandwidth of twisted-pair cable is considerably less than coaxial or fiber-optic cable, normally only one signal is transmitted on this cable at a time. Although a twisted-pair wire system can be used to transmit both voice and data, the data transmission is baseband because only one channel is normally used for data. In comparison, a broadband system on coaxial or fiber-optic cable can be designed to carry voice and several sub channels of data, as well as fax and video t ransmission.Other constraints of unshielded twisted-pair wire are the rate at which data can flow on the network and the distance it can flow. Although data place up to 1 gigabit per second (Gbps) can be achieved, normally local area networks employing UTP wiring operate at a lower data rate. In addition, UTP systems normally cover a limited distance, measured in terms of several hundred to a few thousand feet, while coaxial and fiber-optic cablebased systems may be limited in terms of miles. Extending transmission distances over twisted-pair wire requires the periodic insertion of repeaters into the cable. A repeater receives a digital signal and then regenerates it hence, it is also known as a data regenerator.Coaxial cableAt the center of a coaxial cable is a copper wire, which is covered by an insulator known as a dielectric. An overlapping woven copper mesh surrounds the dielectric, and the mesh, in turn, is covered by a protective jacket consisting of polythene or aluminum. The figure below illustrates the composition of a typical coaxial cable however, it should be noted that over 100 types of coaxial cable are currently marketed. The key differences between such cables involve the number of conductors contained in the cable, the dielectric employed, and the type of protective jacket and material used to provide strength to the cable so it can be pulled through conduits without breaking. Two basic types of coaxial cable are used in local area networks. The type of cable used is based on the transmission technique employed baseband or broadband signaling.Both cable types are much more expensive than twisted-pair wire however, the greater frequency bandwidth of coaxial cable permits higher data rates for longer distances than you can obtain over twisted-pair wire. Normally, 50-ohm coaxial cable is used in baseband networks, while 75-ohm cable is used in broadband networks. The latter coaxial is identical to that used in cable television (CATV) applicati ons, including the coaxial cable used in a home. Data rates on baseband networks using coaxial cable range from 50 to 100 Mbps. With broadband transmissions, data rates up to and including 400 Mbps are obtainable. A coaxial cable with a polyethylene jacket is normally used for baseband signaling. Data is transmitted from stations on the network to the baseband cable in a digital format, and the connection from each station to the cable is accomplished by the use of a simple coaxial T-connector.Because data on Coaxial cable.baseband network travels in a digital form, those signals can be easily regenerated by the use of a device known as a line driver or data regenerator. The line driver or data regenerator is a low-cost device that is constructed to look for a pulse rise, and upon detecting the occurrence of the rise, it will disregard the entire pulse and regenerate an entirely new pulse. Thus, you can install low-cost line drivers into a baseband coaxial network to extend the dist ance over which transmission can occur on the cable. Typically, a coaxial cable baseband system can cover an area of several miles, and may contain hundreds to thousands of stations on the network.Obtaining independent sub channels defined by separate frequencies on coaxial cable broadband transmission requires the translation of the digital signals from workstations into appropriate frequencies. This translation process is accomplished by the use of radio-frequency (RF) modems, which modulate the digital data into analog signals and then convert or demodulate received analog signals into digital signals. Because signals are transmitted at one frequency and received at a different frequency, a head-end or frequency translator is also required for broadband transmission on coaxial cable. This device is also known as a demodulator, as it simply converts the signals from one sub channel to another sub channel.Fiber-optic cableFiber-optic cable is a transmission medium for light up ene rgy, and as such, provides a very high bandwidth, permitting data rates ranging up to billions of bits per second. The fiber-optic cable has a thin core of glass or plastic, which is contact by a protective shield. Several of these shielded fibers are bundled in a jacket, with a central member of aluminum or steel employed for tensile strength. Digital data represented by electrical energy must be converted into light energy for transmission on a fiber-optic cable. This is normally accomplished by a low-power laser, or through the use of a light-emitting diode and appropriate circuitry. At the receiver, light energy must be reconverted into electrical energy. Normally, a device known as a photo detector, as well as appropriate circuitry to regenerate the digital pulses and an amplifier, are used to convert the received light energy into its original digital format. The figure below provides an illustration of the cross section of a single-strand fiber cable.The cladding that surr ounds the core of the fiber can be considered to represent a cylindrical mirror whose job is to ensure light stays in the core as it flows along the fiber. The Kevlar fibers add strength to the cable, while the outer jacket, which is commonly colored orange, represents a polymer-based shield that protects the cable from the elements. There are two key factors that govern the manner by which light flows through a fiber-optic cable. Those factors are the diameter of the core and the light source. The first type of fiber-optic cable developed had a relatively large diameter that ranged from 50 to 140 microns, where a micron is a millionth of a meter. The original light source used to transmit information was a light-emitting diode (LED).Horizontal cross section of a single-strand fiber cableThe coupling of an LED to a large-diameter optical fiber results in photons flowing along multiple paths through the optical fiber, resulting in the transmission referred to as multimode, which is a lso the same name used to reference the type of optical fiber. There are two types of multimode fiber, referred to as step-index and graded index. A step-index fiber has a core with a uniform refractive index, resulting in the different components of a light signal in the form of modes or rays flowing in a non-uniform manner through the optical cable. The top portion of the figure below illustrates the flow of light through a step-index, multimode fiber. In a graded-index multimode fiber, the refractive index is varied from the center to the edge of the core to minimize modal auxiliary verb dispersion. The middle portion of the figure below illustrates the flow of light through a graded-index, multimode fiber. This type of fiber minimizes model dispersion and supports higher data rates than a step-index multimode optical fiber.A third type of optical fiber has a relatively small core diameter, typically between 7 and 12 microns (106 meters). This type of optical fiber permits only o ne path for the flow of light due to the small diameter of the core. As a result of the lack of modal dispersion, single mode supports a much higher data rate than multimode fiber. Because of the small diameter of single-mode fiber, lasers are used as the light source instead of LEDs. Both the core thickness and the cladding of an optical fiber are measured in microns. The three major core thicknesses used in optical fiber are 50, 62 and 100 microns. The associated claddings for those core diameters are 125 and 140 microns, respectively.Light flow in multimode and single-mode optical fiber.Computer networks are everywhere from a simple two-node home setup to the vast number of computers on the internet. However, any computer network includes certain basic components, no matter of which operating system one is running.Network scope refers to the extent to which a network provides coverage. There are two major divisions of network scope Local Area Networks and Wide Area Networks. A Local Area Network (LAN) consists of any number of computers that are linked directly together and are housed in a clearly defined geographic area, such as in a single building or campus. A LAN can only be as large as the physical limitations of the cabling you use which also depends on the cabling type. Usually the computers linked together in a LAN are workstations that can access data on computers on the same LAN, and use devices like printers that are connected to the LAN. A Wide Area Network ( wan) can span large geographic areas like countries and continents. WANs often contain two or more LANs. At least some of the connections used in WAN rely on long distance communications media such satellite links, long distance fiber optic cable, or specialized high speed telephone lines. WAN technology is essentially used to link all the computers in a multi-site or multinational enterprise in a reliable way Note that the key characteristic of a LAN or WAN is not how big it is, but rath er the technologies used to connect the computers.There are other more specialized scopes used to describe networks. These include Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) this is a mini-wan or a giant LAN that is hold in to a single municipality. A company might use a private MAN to link different offices together within the same compound. Computers on a MAN are linked using high-speed media like fiber optic or dedicated digital lines. This is the typical description of the IITA Ibadan network as will be discussed later. Storage Area Network (SAN) A specialized LAN linking several network servers that are dedicated to storing large amounts of data in a centralized secure repository. Personal Area Network (PAN) This is a connection you personally have with the technology that is around you (within your body) e.g. the way your booth phone communicates with your Bluetooth headset and your laptop. Bluetooth and infrared are currently the major types of PAN.Network TopologyA network topolo gy refers to the layout of the transmission medium and devices on a network. Topologies use either a point to point or multipoint connection scheme. A connection scheme indicates how many devices are connected to a transmission media segment or an individual cable. An example of point-to-point connection scheme is a printer or modem connected to your computer. Another is two computers connected directly to each other to use file transfer software like windows i.e. the network computer communicates with other network devices via direct cable connection between them. An example of a multi point connection scheme is a star or bus topology network.The entire physical structure of the network is called its physical topology. Star topology This is a local area network topology where all the nodes are connected individually to a central connecting device called a hub. Signals travel from the nodes to the hub which then sends signals to other nodes on the network. A star topology network is easily scaleable nodes can be added and removed fairly easily- and if a computer fails, none of the other nodes are affected. However if the hub fails the entire network fails. A hub does not perform any type of filtering or routing of the data. It is simply a junction that joins all the different nodes together.